Missing 1 required positional argument self ошибка

Python classes need to be instantiated, or called, before you can access their methods. If you forget to instantiate an object of a class and try to access a class method, you encounter an error saying “missing 1 required positional argument: ‘self’”.

In this guide, we talk about what this error means and why it is raised. We walk through an example of this error in action to help you learn how to fix it.

missing 1 required positional argument: ‘self’

Positional arguments refer to data that is passed into a function. In a class, every function must be given the value “self”. The value of “self” is similar to “this” in JavaScript. “self” represents the data stored in an object of a class.

When you call a class method without first instantiating an object of that class, you get an error. This is because “self” has no value until an object has been instantiated.

The most common mistakes that are made that cause the “missing 1 required positional argument: ‘self’” error are:

• Forgetting to instantiate an object of a class
• Using the incorrect syntax to instantiate a class

Let’s walk through each of these causes individually.

Cause #1: Forgetting to Instantiate an Object

An object must be instantiated before you can access a method in a class.

Define a class that stores information about a hero in a video game:

class Hero:
	def __init__(self, name, player_type):
		self.name = name
		self.player_type = player_type

Next, we add a function to our class. Functions inside of classes are called methods. This method prints out the name of a player and their player type:

def show_player(self):
		print("Player Name: " + self.name)
		print("Player Type: " + self.player_type)

Try to access our class so that we can create a player: 

luke = Hero.show_player()

We have created an object that is assigned to the variable “luke”. This object is derived from the Hero class. We call the show_player() method to show information about the player.

Let’s run our code altogether and see what happens:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "main.py", line 10, in <module>
	luke = Hero.show_player()
TypeError: show_player() missing 1 required positional argument: 'self'

Our code fails. This is because we have not instantiated an object of Hero. Hero.show_player() does not work because we haven’t created a Hero whose information can be displayed.

To solve this error, we first instantiate an object before we call show_player():

luke = Hero("Luke", "Mage")
luke.show_player()

Run our code again:

Player Name: Luke
Player Type: Mage

Our code runs successfully! We’ve first declared a variable called “luke” which stores information about a player called Luke. Luke’s player type is “Mage”. Now that we have instantiated that object, we can call the show_player() method.

Cause #2: Incorrectly Instantiating a Class

The “missing 1 required positional argument: ‘self’” error can occur when you incorrectly instantiate a class. Consider the following code:

luke = Hero
luke.show_player()

While this code is similar to our solution from the last example, it is incorrect. This is because we have not added any parenthesis after the word Hero. By missing these parentheses, our program does not know that we want to instantiate a class.

Solve this problem by adding parenthesis after Hero and specifying the required arguments, “name” and “player_type”:

luke = Hero("Luke", "Mage")
luke.show_player()

Our code now runs successfully and returns information about our player:

Player Name: Luke
Player Type: Mage

Conclusion

The “missing 1 required positional argument: ‘self’” error is raised when you do not instantiate an object of a class before calling a class method. This error is also raised when you incorrectly instantiate a class.

To solve this error, make sure that you first instantiate an object of a class before you try to access any of that class’ methods. Then, check to make sure you use the right syntax to instantiate an object.

Now you’re ready to solve this common error like an expert Python developer!

1. Not Instantiating an Object in Python
2. Incorrectly Instantiating a Class Object in Python
3. Fix the TypeError: missing 1 required positional argument: 'self' Error in Python
4. Conclusion

Classes are one of the fundamental features of Object-Oriented Programming languages. Every object belongs to some class in Python.

We can create our class as a blueprint to create objects of the same type. We use the class keyword to define a class in Python.

A very important feature in Python is using the self attribute while defining classes. The self attribute represents the object’s data and binds the arguments to the object.

This tutorial will discuss the TypeError: missing 1 required positional argument: 'self' error in Python and how we can solve it.

Let us discuss the situations where this error is raised.

Not Instantiating an Object in Python

Positional arguments refer to the data we provide a function with. For creating class objects, we use a constructor.

If the class requires any data, we must pass it as arguments in the constructor function.

This error is raised when we forget to instantiate the class object or wrongly instantiate the class instance.

See the code below.

class Delft:
   def __init__(self, name):
       self.name = name
   def fun(self):
       return self.name

m = Delft.fun()
print(m)

Output:

TypeError: fun() missing 1 required positional argument: 'self'

In the above example, we get the error because we forget to instantiate the instance of the class and try to access the function of the class. As a result, the self attribute is not defined and cannot bind the attributes to the object.

Note that this is a TypeError, which is raised in Python while performing some unsupported operation on a given data type. It is not supported to directly access the class method without creating an instance.

Incorrectly Instantiating a Class Object in Python

Another scenario where this error can occur is when we incorrectly instantiate the class object. This can be a small typing error like ignoring the parentheses or not providing the arguments.

For example:

class Delft:
   def __init__(self, name):
       self.name = name
   def fun(self):
       return self.name

m = Delft
a = m.fun()
print(a)

Output:

TypeError: fun() missing 1 required positional argument: 'self'

Let us now discuss how to fix this error in the section below.

Fix the TypeError: missing 1 required positional argument: 'self' Error in Python

To fix this error, we can create the class instance and use it to access the class method.

See the code below.

class Delft:
   def __init__(self, name):
       self.name = name
   def fun(self):
       return self.name

m = Delft('Stack')
a = m.fun()
print(a)

Output:

In the example, we first create an instance of the class. This is then used to access the class method to return some value and print it; the error is fixed.

Another fix involves the use of static methods. Static methods are functions bound to a particular class and not to an object.

We can use the @staticmethod decorator to create such methods.

For example:

class Delft:
   def __init__(self, name):
       self.name = name
   @staticmethod
   def fun(abc):
       return abc

a = Delft.fun('Stack')
print(a)

Output:

In the above example, we changed the fun() function to a static function. This way, we could use it without instantiating any class objects.

Conclusion

This tutorial discussed the TypeError: missing 1 required positional argument: 'self' error in Python and how we can solve it.

We discussed situations where this error might occur and how to fix the error by instantiating the object of the class. We can also use static methods to work around this error.