Contrary to popular belief, Lorem Ipsum is not simply random text. It has roots in a piece of classical Latin literature from 45 BC, making it over 2000 years old. Richard McClintock, a Latin professor at Hampden-Sydney College in Virginia, looked up one of the more obscure Latin words, consectetur, from a Lorem Ipsum passage, and going through the cites of the word in classical literature, discovered the undoubtable source. Lorem Ipsum comes from sections 1.10.32 and 1.10.33 of «de Finibus Bonorum et Malorum» (The Extremes of Good and Evil) by Cicero, written in 45 BC. This book is a treatise on the theory of ethics, very popular during the Renaissance. The first line of Lorem Ipsum, «Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet..», comes from a line in section 1.10.32.
Contrary to popular belief, Lorem Ipsum is not simply random text. It has roots in a piece of classical Latin literature from 45 BC, making it over 2000 years old. Richard McClintock, a Latin professor at Hampden-Sydney College in Virginia, looked up one of the more obscure Latin words, consectetur, from a Lorem Ipsum passage, and going through the cites of the word in classical literature, discovered the undoubtable source. Lorem Ipsum comes from sections 1.10.32 and 1.10.33 of «de Finibus Bonorum et Malorum» (The Extremes of Good and Evil) by Cicero, written in 45 BC. This book is a treatise on the theory of ethics, very popular during the Renaissance. The first line of Lorem Ipsum, «Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet..», comes from a line in section 1.10.32.
Contrary to popular belief, Lorem Ipsum is not simply random text. It has roots in a piece of classical Latin literature from 45 BC, making it over 2000 years old. Richard McClintock, a Latin professor at Hampden-Sydney College in Virginia, looked up one of the more obscure Latin words, consectetur, from a Lorem Ipsum passage, and going through the cites of the word in classical literature, discovered the undoubtable source. Lorem Ipsum comes from sections 1.10.32 and 1.10.33 of «de Finibus Bonorum et Malorum» (The Extremes of Good and Evil) by Cicero, written in 45 BC. This book is a treatise on the theory of ethics, very popular during the Renaissance. The first line of Lorem Ipsum, «Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet..», comes from a line in section 1.10.32.
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PrepP
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WO
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⇒ в три ручья плакать, рыдать и т. п.; слёзы льются, текут в три ручья ; пот катится, льёт и т.п. в три ручья (of a person) (to cry or sweat) profusely, copiously:
— X was drenched (soaked) with sweat.
♦ А ещё какую-то минуту спустя она уже утешала плачущую, в три ручья заливающуюся слезами Татьянку, которую, подталкивая, ввели в избу двойнята (Абрамов 1). And a minute or two later, she was comforting Tatyanka, whom the twins were nudging forward into the house and who was sobbing her little heart out (1a).
♦ «…Я открыла глаза, смотрю: она, моя голубушка, сидит на постели, сложила вот этак ручки, а слёзы в три ручья так и текут» (Толстой 2). «…I opened my eyes and looked: there she was, the darling, sitting on the bed with her hands clasped so, and the tears came streaming out of her eyes» (2b).
♦ «…Смотри, отец мой, насчет подрядов-то: если случится муки брать ржаной или гречневой, или круп, или скотины битой, так уж, пожалуйста, не обидь меня». — «Нет, матушка, не обижу», — говорил он, а между тем отирал пот, который в три ручья катился по лицу его (Гоголь 3). «…Му dear sir, about those government contracts, if you should be wanting rye or buckwheat flour or any cereals or slaughtered animals, mind you don’t forget me.» «No, of course I won’t forget you, ma’am,» he said, wiping away the perspiration that was streaming down his face (3a).
Часто встречаю при разгонах разных процессоров, но так и не понял что это значит. Зачастую никак не сказывается на стабильности (нет вылетов и фризов)
Сталкивался с WHEA на этих системах :
Ryzen 5 1600 при авто напряге при любом увеличении множки
I5 760 при 3,75ггц и памяти 1980(примерно)
Ryzen 5 3600 при фул авто, при авто частотах и фикс напряге 1,125 небыло но частота выше 3,65 не поднималась, при 4,1 ГГц и 1,3в тоже встретил whea
Все Рязани работали с ОЗУ gskill 3133 18-18-18-28, мать msi b450-pro max
Ш5 же с памятью от балистиков (модель хз) и мат платой asus torboV Evo P7P55D-E
В чем причина и стоит ли беспокоиться?
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Аннотация
An innovative approach to creating a new generation of specialised foods for dietary therapy of type
2 diabetes can involve planned adding of plant polyphenols to their formulafions. The marked antioxidant properties of polyphenols largely determine their potential antidiabetic effects. However, the use of food polyphenols for prophylactic purposes is limited by their low bioavailability, which makes it expedient to search for technological approaches aimed at obtaining polyphenolic matrices with high biological activity, increased digestibility, and stability. This study objective was to purposely extract and concentrate the polyphenols by sorbing them from an aqueous solution of the bilberry leaf extract (BLE) on buckwheat flour and to assess their storage stability. A number of experiments on optimal parameters selection for sorbing polyphenols from the BLE on buckwheat flour were performed. The parameters included the concentration of the extract solution, the solution/sorbent ratio, the pH of the solution, the temperature and the time of sorption. The sorption on the polyphenol matrix was determined from the difference in their contents in the initial solution of the extract and in the supernatant after centrifugation by the Folin-Ciocalteu method. The effects of exposure to light, temperatures, and humidity on the polyphenol compounds in the dry BLE and in the food matrix contents during storage was analysed by the FTIR spectroscopy. The experiments determined the optimal conditions for the BLE polyphenol sorption on buckwheat flour by incubation of a 2% BLE solution pH = 3.6 with the portion of buckwheat flour at the ratio of 1g/50 cm3 solution for 45 minutes at 25°C. When storing the food matrix, there was no significant degradation of the polyphenolic compounds in the food matrix, which indicates an increase in the stability of the polyphenols sorbed on buckwheat flour. This paper presents the results that are scientifically and practically relevant for the nutritiology experts who devise promising technological approaches to expanding the range of functional food ingredients of the antidiabetic character.
Ключевые слова
Diabetes, polyphenols, bioavailability, bilberry leaf extract, buckwheat flour, sorption, food matrix, functional food ingredient
ВВЕДЕНИЕ
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most common endocrine diseases, characterised by a steady morbidity increase, a high incidence of vascular complications leading to early disability, high mortality, and significant economic costs of medical and social care [1]. An essential part of preventing DM as an alimentary-dependent disease and its clinical manifestations is optimising and personalising dietary prevention, which involves developing new functional and specialised food products (SFPs) that correct the carbohydrate and lipid metabolism disorders in a specific way [2]. The innovative approach to the development of a new generation of SFPs for diet therapy of type 2 diabetes can be the usage of plant polyphenols as functional food ingredients (FFI) in their contents, i.e. minor biologically active substances (BAS) with proven in clinical and in vivo studies pronounced hypoglycemic, hypocholesterolemic and antioxidant properties [3]. For many years clinical research and experiments on laboratory animals with induced or genetically determined diabetic manifestations and have been studying the hypolipidemic, and hypoglycemic properties of individual plant polyphenols as such or within the extracts [4]. Using plant polyphenols in metabolic disorders is proved very promising by the study results evidentiating their effectiveness and safety through the implementation of one of the main principles of phytotherapy, namely: act not only on the affected organ, but also on the body’s conjugate systems [5, 6]. According to contemporary theories, the pathogenic basis of type 2 diabetes includes two major disorders: developing the insulin resistance in the peripheral target tissues and reducing insulin secretion. Hyperglycemia and glucose autooxidation cause the oxidative stress, which in turn damages phospholipids in the plasma membranes of the target tissues and beta cells of Langerhans islets. Thusan, inevitable «vicious circle» characterised by a systemic metabolic disorder and concomitant clinical complications arises. The marked antioxidant properties of polyphenols largely determine their potential antidiabetic effects. The polyphenol influence on the cellular level is determined by the interaction with the cell membranes, which modulates the phase state of the membrane lipids and its structural organisation [1, 7]. There is no doubt that polyphenols influence the nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins expression. An important component of the physiological activity of polyphenols is their participation in signaling systems of the cell [1]. However, a widespread use of the proven properties of food polyphenols for prophylactic purposes is limited by their very low bioavailability, often not allowing achieving the expected beneficial effects in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism disorders in clinical conditions. So, after a normal meal, the concentration of the metabolites from the phenolic compounds in the blood rarely exceeds 1 nM, although in the gastrointestinal tract it can amount to over 1 mM [8]. Thus, it is obviously expedient to obtain the FFI with the highest possible polyphenol content. The modern priority in increasing the efficiency for the polyphenolic SFPs includes a wide range of technological solutions, such as using microspheres and microcapsules as transport; producing solid dispersions; practicing administration of polyphenols with substances «enhancing» their absorption; generating phospholipid-polyphenol complexes, and polyphenol-protein complexes [8]. Sorbing polyphenols from berry juices and plant extracts on based of soy flour increases their stability and prolongs their shelf life, as shown in [9–11].
Due to the wide range of polyphenols in bilberry leaves, this plant extracts are customarily used in traditional medicine to reduce the symptoms of diabetes mellitus [12]. Previously, we tested hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic properties of an aqueous solution of the BLE when it had been administered intragastrically to the genetic line of obese rats Zucker Rats Crl: ZUC-Leprfa rats in a dose of 2 g/kg of the animal’s body weight for 28 days. Theextract consumption helped improve the response of the insulin-sensitive tissues to the exogenous administration of glucose and insulin and prevented the increase of blood glucose level [13].
This study objective was to purposely recover and concentrate the polyphenols by sorbing them from an aqueous solution of the BLE on brown buckwheat flour, to assess their storage stability in order to justify the possible use as a FFI in the SFP contents. Accordingly, the research objectives included, first, determining the optimal sorption conditions by varying the concentration ratio of polyphenol extract and flour weights, pH values of the incubation mixture, adsorption time, and parameters of the protein matrix microstructure. Secondly, conducting a comparative analysis of the degradation kinetics for the polyphenols in a solution of the BLE and the polyphenols sorbed on brown buckwheat flour (hereinafter referred to as the food matrix) when stored at the specified temperature and humidity. The choice of the brown buckwheat flour as the absorbing matrix for polyphenols is conditioned by its use in modern medical practice as a diet ingredient for obesity, diabetes, kidney disease, with the view of lowering cholesterol and total lipids, and strengthening the blood vessel walls [14].
ОБЪЕКТЫ И МЕТОДЫ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ
The dry bilberry leaves extract (OOO «KHARMS», St. Petersburg, Russia) with a moisture and ash contents of 61% and 16.8%, respectively, was the sbudy object. The total contents of flavonoids and hydroxycinnamic acids are 13.67 ± 0.11 mg/g and 11.68 ± 0.22 mg/g, pespecfively. The total content of proanthocyanidins equals 15.5 ± 0.22 mg/g [15]. The content of polyphenol compounds expressed in mg-eq. of gallic acid is 95.5 ± 1.1 mg-eq. g.a./g extract.
An experimental sample of brown buckwheat flour was obtained by grinding an industrial batch of food flour (OOO HLEBZERNOPRODUKT, Taganrog, Russia) by means of a knife grinder GRINDOMIX GM200 (Retsch, Germany) at 8000 rpm for 10 min. Mass content of protein in the sample was 9.7%; carbohydrates, 70.0%; ash, 1.6%; and moisture, 5.5%.
Granulometric characteristic.The granulometric parameters of the brown buckwheat flour sample and the food matrix were determined by electron-scanning microscopy. The samples were applied in a thin layer on a stage with a double-sided conductive tape, followed by ion-plasma spraying of gold to increase the contrast of the image. The micrographs were obtained with a scanning electron microscope AIS 1800C (Seron Technologies Inc) in the secondary electron mode in a high vacuum. By means of the obtained micrographs, the criteria for the size and shape of the particles were calculated: equivalent radius (characterises the average particle size of an irregular shape) and ellipticity (characterises the deviation degree for the shape of a particle from a spherical one), according to formulas
Equivalent radius:
Ellipticity:
where, l is the length of the particle, b is the width of the particle.
To compare the values obtained between the groups, the Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric test was used.
Determining the optimal sorption conditions. The polyphenols sorption from the aqueous solutions of the BLE on brown buckwheat flour was conducted with a constant stirring of the incubation mixture on a magnetic stirrer, and after the incubation, the centrifugation of the resulting suspension (a centrifuge Beckman J6B (AL-TAR, USA)) at 4000 rpm for 20 min took place. The supernatant was separated from the precipitate by decantation. The precipitate was freeze-dried by means of a LS-500 unit (OOO «PROINTEH», Russia). The dependence of polyphenols sorption on flour the pH value of the incubation mixture was determined with the help of a flour sample of 1g in 50 cm3 of the incubation mixture of a 0.5% extract solution at a pH range of 2.0–7.0. The sorption took place for 30 minutes at a temperature of 25°C. The sorption dependence on the incubation time of the mixture was determined by means of a 0.5% extract solution in the time interval of 15–90 min at a pH of 3.6, a temperature of 25°C, using a flour sample of 1 g. The sorption dependence on the incubation temperature of the mixture was determined using a flour sample of 1 g in the mixture of 50 cm3 of a 0.5% extract solution at a pH of 3.6 for 30 min in the temperature range of 25–50°C. The sorption dependence on the extract solution concentration was determined in the range of 0.5–2.5% at a temperature of 25°C, and pH of 3.6 for 30 min using a flour sample of 1 g. The stoichiometric analysis of the polyphenol sorption on brown buckwheat flour was conducted by mixing 100 cm3 of 0.5% extract with different amounts of flour (1–5 g) for 30 min at a temperature of 25°C and pH of 3.6. The specific content of total polyphenols sorbed on the flour, expressed in mg equivalent of gallic acid (as indicated below), was calculated from the difference in their content in the initial extract solution and in the supernatant after centrifugation.
Evaluating polyphenols stability in the dry bilberry leaves extract and as a part of the food matrix. Half the samples of the dry BLE and the samples of polyphenols in the food matrix were placed in a climate chamber (manufactured by POL-EKOAPARATURA, Poland) at 50°C and a relative humidity of 50%. The second half was kept at the same temperature and humidity conditions with an additional exposure to light. The studies were conducted for 7 days. The control points for sampling after the beginning of loading into the climatic chamber were as follows: 16 h, 24 h, 40 h, 48 h, 64 h, 72 h, 88.5 h, 136.5 h, 144 h, 161 h.
Measuring the total polyphenols. The contents of total polyphenols in the analysed solutions of the BLE and supernatants, sampled after the sorption, was determined spectrophotometrically by the Folin- Ciocalteu method [16]. The optical density of the solutions was measured at a wavelength of 765 nm using a spectrophotometer SpectroQuest 2800 (UNICO, USA). In the solutions, the concentration of total polyphenols in mg-eq. g.a. was determined by means of a calibration curve obtained by using a gallic acid standard (97.5%, Sigma, USA).
Measuring polyphenols desorbed from the food matrix. A 0.5 g portion of the food matrix was placed in a 20 cm3 vial the adsorbed polyphenols were eluted with 8 cm3 of a 1% solution of glacial acetic acid in 80% ethanol in an ultrasonic bath “Sapphire 2.8 TTC” (OOO “Sapphire”, Russia) for 5 minutes at 55°C. The mixture was centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 10 min, and the supernatant was transferred to a pear-shaped flask. The elution in the same mode was repeated twice more. The eluates were combined, and the alcohol was evaporated on a rotary evaporator IR1M3 (OAO “Khimlaborpribor”, Russia) at 60°C to achieve 15% of the initial volume of the combined eluents. The resulting concentrate was transferred to a graduated cylinder, the volume was adjusted to 50 cm3 with distilled water. In the obtained solution, the content of total polyphenols was determined by the Folin- Ciocalteu method.
Measuring the kinetic parameters of polyphenols degradation. The effects of exposing the polyphenolic compounds in the dry BLE and in the food matrix to light, temperature, and humidity were analysed by the IR Fourier transform spectroscopy using a spectrometer Tensor 27 (Bruker Optik GmbH) and an adapter MIRacleATR (Attenuated total reflection, ATR), and using a software Opus 6.0 [17]. Study parameters: a resolution was 4 cm-1, the number of scans equaled 64, and the scanned area ranged from 4000 cm-1 to 600 cm-1. Before measurement, the samples were ground in an agate mortar until a uniform consistency was obtained. Each sample was analysed in 4 replicates. The obtained spectra were processed in an automatic mode, including the following steps: the error correction of the ATR spectrum, the correction of moisture and carbon dioxide contents, reduction to the baseline, and normalisation. The calculations used the average value for the three spectra closest to each sample. To determine the kinetic characteristics during oxidation, the second derivative was calculated at 13 smooth points. The spectra of the second derivatives were analysed in two bands: in the range of 1725–1731 cm corresponding to a strong band of stretching vibrations of the carbonyl group of the -CH2-CHO aldehyde group; and also in the range of 2920–2960 cm corresponding to the strong band of absorption for valence antisymmetric vibrations of -CH2 bonds [18].
Calculating the kinetic parameters for the accumulation of polyphenol degradation products was carried out by the first-order equation for the reactions [19]:
where k is the reaction rate constant, t is the storage time, C0 is the initial concentration, and C is the concentration at time t.
The half-transformation period for the functional groups studied, respectively, was determined by the equation:
Preparing a functional food ingredient (FFI) in experimental quantities. To carry out experiments to assess the stability of the BLE polyphenols sorbed on crushed buckwheat flour, a 200 gr batch of food matrix was obtained. An experimental flour sample of 120 g and the dry BLE of 120 g, which was dissolved in 6 dm3 distilled water (2% solution) were used for this purpose. Then the solution was acidified with 1N HCl to pH of 3.6, centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 min. After this, a slight insoluble precipitate was removed, and 120 g of an experimental flour sample was added. The sorption was carried out at 25°C for 45 minutes with a constant stirring, then the mixture was centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 20 min, the precipitate was separated from the supernatant by decantation. Subsequently, 50 cm3 of distilled water was added to the precipitate, the mixture was stirred for 5–7 minutes and centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 10 min. The precipitate (food matrix) was separated from the supernatant by decanting and freeze-drying. The food matrix yield was 100 g. The content of the polyphenols in the food matrix was determined by eluting the polyphenols according to the procedure described above.
РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ И ИХ ОБСУЖДЕНИЕ
To carry out experiments to optimise the conditions for sorbing the BLE polyphenols on flour, an experimental batch of buckwheat flour was obtained, ground on a knife mill GRINDOMIX GM200 (Retsch, Germany) at 8000 rpm for 10 min. The average particle size of the initial sample of flour was 181.6 ± 5.1 μm, the average particle size of the ground flour was 134.9 ± 3.9 μm (Fig. 1).
Fig 1. Micrographs of the buckwheat flour samples obtained by scanning electron microscopy: (a) flour before grinding (large particles with even edges); (b) flour after grinding (fine particles with even edges).
Fig. 2 shows the graph of dependence of the polyphenols sorbing on the ground buckwheat flour on the pH of the incubation mixture. With an increase in pH from 2.0 to 7.0, there was a decrease in the average values of sorption of the BLE polyphenols from 1.7 ± 0.8 to 3.5 ± 0.4 mg-eq. g.a./g flour.
Fig 2. Dependence of the BLE polyphenols sorbing (mg-eq. g.a./g flour) on buckwheat flour on the pH of the incubation mixture (0.5% the BLE solution, a flour weight of 1 g, incubation for 30 minutes at 25°C) .
Changing the incubation temperature in the range of 25–50°C had no significant effect on the sorption efficiency, as follows from the data presented in Fig. 3.
Fig 3. Sorption of the BLE polyphenols at different incubation temperatures (0.5% BLE solution, a pH of 3.6, a flour weight of 1 g, incubation for 30 min).
Fig. 4 shows the graph of dependence of the sorption of the BLE polyphenols on their concentration in the incubation mixture.
Fig 4. Dependence of the polyphenols sorption (mg-eq. g.a./g flour) from the BLE solution on buckwheat flour on a pH of the incubation mixture (the BLE solution with a pH of 3.6, flour weight of 1 g, incubation for 30 minutes at 25°C).
With an increase in the concentration of the BLE polyphenols in the range of 0.5–2.0%, an increase in sorption is observed ranging from 12.1 ± 0.8 to 26.0 ± 1.6 mg-eq. g.a./g flour. With a further increase in the BLE concentration, gelling occurred, which prevented a correct evaluation of sorption.
Fig. 5 presents the data on the dependence of the BLE polyphenols sorption on the ground buckwheat flour on the ratio of the solution volume and the flour weight.
Fig 5. Sorption of the extract polyphenols on buckwheat flour at various ratios of the BLE solution volume to buckwheat flour weight, ml/g (0.5% BLE solution, pH of 3.6, incubation for 30 min at 25°C).
The change in the ratio of the BLE solution volume/buckwheat flour weight from 100/1 to 20/1 did not have a significant effect on the BLE polyphenols sorption (Fig. 5).
Fig. 6 shows the graph of dependence of the polyphenols sorption on the incubation duration.
Fig 6. Dependence of the BLE polyphenols sorptoion on buckwheat flour on the duration of the mixture incubation, mg-eq. g.a./g flour (0.5% BLE solution, pH of 3.6, flour weight of 1g, incubation at 25°C).
With an increase in the incubation duration from 30 to 60 min, the polyphenols sorption increased from 10.44 ± 0.40 to 13.07 ± 0.26 mg-eq. g.a./g flour. A further increase in the incubation time led to an unreliable decrease in sorption.
To carry out an experiment to assess the degradation degree of the BLE polyphenols in the food matrix during storage, an experimental batch of the product was obtained. The content of polyphenols in it was 23.7 ± 0.5 mg-eq. g.a./g flour.
Upon storage of the initial dry BLE for 72 h, the content of polyphenols decreased from 95.5 ± 1.1 mg-eq. g.a./g extract in the original sample to 86.1 ± 0.7 mg-eq. g.a./g extract when stored in the dark and up to
88.4 ± 1.3 mg-eq. g.a./ g extract when stored in the light. The further storage did not change these values. When storing the food matrix, both in the dark and in the light for the whole period (161 h), there was no reliable decrease in the polyphenols content expressed in gallic acid equivalents (22.9 ± 0.2 mg-eq. g.a./g flour).
The representative curves of the studied samples in the relevant ranges of wavelengths prior to the start of storage and at the end of the experiment are shown in Fig. 7a, b.
Fig 7. Representative curves of the second derivatives of the IR spectra for the BLE in the ranges responsible for (a) the valence antisymmetric vibrations of the -CH2 bonds; (b) stretching vibrations of the carbonyl group -CH2-CHO (each curve is the average value of three spectra of the sample (64 scans each) for the same storage time).
When studying the samples of the BLE and the complex during the storage, the influence of light on the degradation of polyphenols in them was not revealed.
The degradation of the polyphenolic compounds was more pronounced for the BLE, yet there were no significant changes revealed in the contents of the -CH2-CHO aldehyde group (oxidation of -OH polyphenol groups to the corresponding keto- (=O) groups) and -CH2-bonds (polymerisation accompanied by the formation of longer limiting aliphatic chains) from the complex with the protein matrix during storage.
Fig. 8 shows the accumulation curves for the functional groups under study, as well as the corresponding kinetic curves. The concentration of substances stands for the value of the area under the curve of the corresponding absorption band.
Fig 8. Accumulation curves for the products of the polyphenols degradation in the BLE samples: (a) CH2-bonds, (с) CH2-CHO aldehydes groups) and their corresponding kinetic curves (b, d).
As one can be see from Fig. 8, a linear relationship exists between the logarithms of the functional groups concentrations and the storage time, which leads to the conclusion that the accumulation of these groups proceeds as the first-order reaction.
Thus, the kinetic parameters for the degradation of polyphenolic compounds in the BLE were obtained by calculation (Table 1).
Table 1. Accumulation curves for the products of the polyphenols degradation in the BLE samples: (a) CH2-bonds, (с) CH2-CHO aldehydes groups) and their corresponding kinetic curves (b, d).
The data obtained during the storage experiment with the samples evidentiate that the degradation rate for the polyphenols both in the BLE extract and in their complex with buckwheat flour does not depend on the light exposure at a temperature of 50°C and a relative humidity of 50%.
Polymerisation and oxidation of polyphenolic compounds from the BLE are the first-order reactions with the reaction rate constants k = 1.53 × 10-6 s-1 and k = 8.44 × 10-6 s-1 and the half-reaction period equal to t1/2 = 126 h and t1/2 = 22.8 h, respectively, at a temperature of 50°C.
ВЫВОДЫ
In the course of the experiments, the optimal conditions determined for the sorption of polyphenols from the BLE on buckwheat flour were defermined: the concentration of the extract solution was 2%, the solution pH was 3.6, the ratio of the flour weight and the extract solution volume was 1g/50 cm3, the temperature was 25°С, and the incubation time was 45 min. Under these conditions, the maximum value of the polyphenols sorption, determined by their elution from the food matrix, was 23.7 ± 0.5 mg-eq. g.a./g flour. The experimental batch of the food matrix was prepared by incubating the 2% BLE solution (pH 3.6) with the buckwheat flour (ground with the knife mill) at a ratio of 1 g/50cm3 solution for 45 min at 25°C. The obtained food matrix can be used as a functional food ingredient in the specialised food products that correct carbohydrate and lipid metabolism disorders.
Considering that the obtained FFI is a powder providing an unstable suspensions in water, it can be recommended to be used in food products having a dense food matrix. Examples of such products are fruit and vegetable purees, viscous dairy products, and flour based products.
When storing the food matrix for 161 hours at a constant temperature (50°C) and humidity (50%) with the exposure to light and without significant reduction in light, the reliable decrease in the polyphenols contents, expressed in equivalents of the gallic acid by the Folin-Ciocalteu technique, was not observed. According to the data obtained by the FTIR spectroscopy, there was no reliable degradation trend for the polyphenolic compounds of the food matrix, which indicated that the sorption of the polyphenols on buckwheat flour increased their storage stability significantly.
This paper presents the new results that are scientifically and practically relevant for the nutritiology experts, who devise promising technological approaches to expanding the range of functional food ingredients of the antidiabetic character.
КОНФЛИКТ ИНТЕРЕСОВ
The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
ФИНАНСИРОВАНИЕ
The study was funded by the Russian Science Foundation (project No. 14-36-00041).
СПИСОК ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ
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- Alkhati A., Tsang C., Tiss A., et al. Functional Foods and Lifestyle Approaches for Diabetes Prevention and Management. Nutrients, 2017, vol. 9, no. 12, pp. 1310–1327. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9121310.
- Tutelyan V.A., Kiseleva T.L., Kochetkova A.A., et al. Rastitelʹnye istochniki fitonutrientov dlya spetsializirovannykh pishchevykh produktov antidiabeticheskogo deystviya [Plant sources of phytonutrients for specialised foods of antidiabetic action]. Moscow: BIBLIO-GLOBUS Publ., 2016. 422 p. (In. Russ.).
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Коды ошибок асик майнера WhatsMiner
0 ErrSucc ОК ОК — обычный
21 ErrNotPlugged 1 или более хеш-плат не обнаружены Сигнал Hashboard PLUG не обнаружен Номер обнаруженной платы питания, если их более одной, разделенные пробелами 1. Проверьте правильность подключения кабеля SPI (по сравнению с обычной машиной) и снова подключите кабель. 2. Замените плату управления. 3. Замените проблемную доску хешрейта (переделайте доску головоломки).
22 ErrPsuI2cFail Аномальная связь по управлению питанием Неправильная связь I2C источника питания — 1. Заменить блок питания. 2. Замените плату управления.
23 ErrEncoreAllFail Все хэш-платы не могут быть включены SPI недоступен для всех плат хешрейта — 1. Убедитесь, что винты на обоих концах клеммы питания и соединения кабеля SPI не ослаблены. 2. Заменить блок питания. 3. Замените плату управления. 4. Отремонтируйте всю машину.
24 ErrEncoreFail Некоторые платы не включаются SPI недоступен на некоторых хэш-досках Номер хэшборда, для которого произошел сбой связи по SPI, если их несколько, разделенных пробелами 1. Убедитесь, что винты на обоих концах клеммы питания и соединения кабеля SPI не ослаблены. 2. Заменить блок питания. 3. Замените плату управления. 4. Замените проблемную хеш-доску (переделайте доску-головоломку).
25 ErrSetPllFail Не удалось поднять частоту хэш-платы Не удалось поднять частоту хэш-платы Номер хэшборда: частота ошибок 1. Убедитесь, что винты на обоих концах клеммы питания и соединения кабеля SPI не ослаблены. 2. Заменить блок питания. 3. Замените плату управления. 4. Замените проблемную хеш-доску (переделайте доску-головоломку).
26 ErrSetVolFail Не удалось установить напряжение Не удалось установить напряжение Номер хэшборда: 1/2 1. Убедитесь, что винты на обоих концах клеммы питания и соединения кабеля SPI не ослаблены. 2. Заменить блок питания. 3. Замените плату управления. 4. Заменить проблемную хеш-доску (присоединиться)
27 ErrBistFail Тест чипа BIST не пройден Тест чипа BIST не пройден Номер хэшборда: 1/2 1. Убедитесь, что винты на обоих концах клеммы питания и соединения кабеля SPI не ослаблены. 2. Заменить проблемную хеш-доску (присоединиться к плате)
28 ErrSpiFail Ненормальная связь платы хешрейта не может быть автоматически восстановлена ??во время работы Ненормальное соединение SPI платы хешрейта не может быть автоматически восстановлено во время работы Номер хэшборда 1. Убедитесь, что винты на обоих концах клеммы питания и соединения кабеля SPI не ослаблены. 2. Замените проблемную хеш-доску (переделайте доску-головоломку)
29 ErrI2cFail Ненормальная связь по питанию во время работы не может быть восстановлена ??автоматически Связь I2C с ненормальным источником питания не может быть автоматически восстановлена ??во время работы — 1. Заменить блок питания. 2. Замените плату управления.
30 ErrNetwork Подключение к майнинговому пулу прервано Подключение к майнинговому пулу прервано — Если эта проблема возникает на большом количестве или на всех майнинговых машинах с одним и тем же коммутатором: 1. Проверьте правильность настроек пула для майнинга. 2. Проверьте конфигурацию сетевой среды (например, конфигурацию DHCP, конфигурацию DNS, порт и т. Д.). Если проблемы возникают только на одной или нескольких машинах для майнинга: 1. Проверьте правильность настроек пула для майнинга. 2. Проверить подключения к сетевому порту майнера. 3. Замените сетевой кабель на работающую майнинговую машину. 4. Замените плату управления.
31 ErrBadChip Повреждение отдельных микросхем, что приводит к искусственно завышенной вычислительной мощности Повреждение отдельных микросхем, что приводит к искусственно завышенной вычислительной мощности Номер поврежденной микросхемы: номер хеш-платы, если их более одной, разделенные пробелами В ремонт
32 ErrOverheat Hashboard перегрелся Hashboard перегрелся Номер хэшборда 1. Проверьте, вращаются ли передний и задний вентиляторы, если они не вращаются, сначала замените вентиляторы, а затем замените плату управления / блок питания. 2. Убедитесь, что направление ветра спереди и сзади согласовано, согласуется ли оно с другими машинами, если нет, измените направление вентилятора. 3. Если температура воздуха на входе горной машины превышает 40 градусов, необходимо улучшить температурную среду в шахте. 4. Если определенная плата хешрейта часто перегревается, вы можете заменить проблемную плату хешрейта (переделайте головоломку).
33 ErrInvTemp Невозможно прочитать температуру чипа Невозможно прочитать температуру чипа Номер хэшборда 1. Убедитесь, что винты на обоих концах клеммы питания и соединения кабеля SPI не ослаблены. 2. Заменить блок питания. 3. Замените плату управления. 4. Замените проблемную хеш-доску (переделайте доску-головоломку).
34 ErrMisPlugged Неправильное подключение кабеля связи платы управления Ненормальное подключение кабеля SPI платы управления Номер хэшборда 1. Проверьте, совместим ли метод (последовательность) подключения кабеля SPI хэш-платы с другими машинами той же модели. 2. Замените плату управления.
35 ErrPsuFail Аномальный источник питания Аномальный источник питания 1. Обратите внимание на то, что если нет явного отклонения от нормы вычислительной мощности всей машины (не отключается плата), то перезагрузить 2. Убедитесь, что винты на обоих концах клеммы питания и соединения кабеля SPI не ослаблены. 3. Заменить блок питания.
36 ErrInvCorenum Некоторые чипы не работают должным образом Количество хороших фишек ненормальное Номер хэшборда: номер чипа 1. Обратите внимание на то, что если нет явного отклонения от нормы вычислительной мощности всей машины (не отключается плата), то перезагрузить 2. Перезапустите майнер, чтобы увидеть, появляется ли по-прежнему та же ошибка. 3. Замените проблемную хеш-плату.
37 ErrInvVidtype Тип платы управления / версия прошивки / количество микросхем не совпадает Тип платы управления / версия прошивки / количество микросхем не совпадает vidtype, minertype, subtype, chipnum После накопления нескольких единиц (> 10) обратитесь в ремонт.
38 ErrBadRearChips Наконец, у некоторых чипов низкая вычислительная мощность. Последние несколько уровней чипов имеют низкую вычислительную мощность В ремонт
39 ErrInvTuneParam Аномальные параметры старения Напряжение начальной частоты старения неверно В ремонт
| Errcode | Scope of application | Explanation | Troubleshooting steps |
| 0 | Whole miner | Normal | Normal |
| 21 | hashboard | one or more hashboards can’t be detected | 1. check and see whether the SPI cables are firmly and correctly connected (compared the connection of cables with working miners), reconnect the SPI cables, don’t change sequence of connection 2. replace control board with other well functional one 3. replace defective hashboard(s) with other well functional one(s) (defective one should be returned for repair/replacement) |
| 22 | Whole miner | PSU communication is abnormal | 1. replace PSU with other well functional one 2. replace control board with other well functional one |
| 23 | Whole miner | All hashboards can’t be powered up | 1. check and see whether screws on the PSU side and SPI connection are loose 2. replace PSU with other well functional one 3. replace control board with other well functional one 4. whole miner should be returned for repair |
| 24 | hashboard | one or more hashboards can’t be powered up | 1. check and see whether screws on the PSU side and SPI connection are loose 2. replace PSU with other well functional one 3. replace control board with other well functional one 4. replace defective hashboard(s) with other well functional one(s) (defective one should be returned for repair/replacement) |
| 25 | hashboard | frequency increase of hashboards fails | 1. check hashrate of the miner, if there is nothing obviously abnormal (no missing hashboard), no action should be taken 2. check and see whether screws on the PSU side and SPI connection are loose 3. replace PSU with other well functional one 4. replace control board with other well functional one 5. replace defective hashboard(s) with other well functional one(s) (defective one should be returned for repair/replacement) |
| 26 | hashboard | voltage setting fails | 1. check and see whether screws on the PSU side and SPI connection are loose 2. replace PSU with other well functional one 3. replace control board with other well functional one 4. replace defective hashboard(s) with other well functional one(s) (defective one should be returned for repair/replacement) |
| 27 | hashboard | chip BIST test fails | 1. check and see whether screws on the PSU side and SPI connection are loose 2. replace defective hashboard(s) with other well functional one(s) (defective one should be returned for repair/replacement) |
| 28 | hashboard | abnormal communication of hashboard, it can’t be automatically recovered when running | 1. check and see whether screws on the PSU side and SPI connection are loose 2. replace defective hashboard(s) with other well functional one(s) (defective one should be returned for repair/replacement) |
| 29 | Whole miner | abnormal communication of PSU can’t be automatically recovered when running | 1. replace PSU with other well functional one 2. replace control board with other well functional one |
| 30 | Whole miner | pool disconnect | If the problem occurs in a large number of miners or all of the mines under the same switch: 1. please first check whether pool setting is correct 2. then check network configuration (such as DHCP configuration, DNS configuration, ports, etc.) If the problem occurs in only one or just a small number of miners under the same switch: 1. please first check whether pool setting is correct 2. then check whether network cable is firmly connected 3. replace network cable with other one from other well working miner 4. replace control board with other well functional one |
| 31 | hashboard | damage of some individual chip causes inflated high hashrate of the miner | no action should be taken |
| 32 | hashboard | hashboard overheat | 1. check and see whether both fans are spinning, if not, replace fan with other functional one, if still not, then replace control board or PSU 2. check and see whether wind direction of both fans are the same, whether wind direction are the same with other miners, if not, exchange fans 3. meter the inlet temperature of the miner, if above 40 °C, cooling system of the mining farm should be improved 4. if some hashboard is overheated frequently, that hashboard should be replaced (returned for repair) |
| 33 | hashboard | chip temperature can’t be read | 1. check and see whether screws on the PSU side and SPI connection are loose 2. replace PSU with other well functional one 3. replace control board with other well functional one 4. replace defective hashboard(s) with other well functional one(s) (defective one should be returned for repair/replacement) |
| 34 | cables of control board is connected incorrectly | 1. check hashrate of the miner, if there is nothing obviously abnormal (no missing hashboard), no action should be taken 2. check whether hashboard SPI cables are conneted in the same way (sequence) as other miners of same model 3. replace control board with other well functional one |
|
| 35 | hashboard | PSU voltage is too low | 1. check hashrate of the miner, if there is nothing obviously abnormal (no missing hashboard), no action should be taken 2.check and see whether screws on the PSU side and SPI connection is loose 3. replace PSU with other well functional one |
| 36 | hashboard | working or some chips is abnormal | 1. check hashrate of the miner, if there is nothing obviously abnormal (no missing hashboard), no action should be taken 2. reboot the miner to see whether the same error is given 3. replace defective hashboard(s) with other well functional one(s) (defective one should be returned for repair/replacement) |
| 37 | Whole miner | mismatch of control board version/firmware version/quantity of chips | if there are more than 10 miners with same error, please contact engineers |
| 38 | hashboard | low hashrate of last few chips | no action should be taken |
| 39 | hashboard | testing parameter is abnormal | no action should be taken |
| 40 | hashboard | PSU load is insufficient | 1. check and see whether screws on the PSU side and SPI connection are loose 2. replace PSU with other well functional one 3. replace defective hashboard(s) with other well functional one(s) (defective one should be returned for repair/replacement) |
| 41 | hashboard | startup voltage of PSU is too low | 1. check hashrate of the miner, if there is nothing obviously abnormal (no missing hashboard), no action should be taken 2. check and see whether screws on the PSU side and SPI connection are loose 3. replace PSU with other well functional one 4. replace control board with other well functional one |
| 42 | hashboard | implementation of plan B fails when hashboard frequency increases | 1. check hashrate of the miner, if there is nothing obviously abnormal (no missing hashboard), no action should be taken 2. check and see whether screws on the PSU side and SPI connection are loose 3. replace PSU with other well functional one 4. replace control board with other well functional one 5. replace defective hashboard(s) with other well functional one(s) (defective one should be returned for repair/replacement) |
| Attention: 1. The miner should be powered up again to see whether it is back to normal after every step is taken 2. If the problem is not solve after replacement the part, the part should go back to its original unit 3. Error code and brief description of the problem should be attached to the hashboard that is confirmed defective and that will be returned for repair |
Error
code
Reason Processing method
110 Fanin detect speed error
Check whether the fan connection is normal,
or replace the power supply, or replace the
fan
111 Fanout detect speed error
Check whether the fan connection is normal,
or replace the power supply, or replace the
fan
130 Fanin speed error
Check whether the fan connection is normal,
or replace the power supply, or replace the
fan
131 Fanout speed error
Check whether the fan connection is normal,
or replace the power supply, or replace the
fan
140 Fan speed is too high Please check the environment temperature
200
Power probing error, no
power found
Detecting power output wiring, updating the
latest firmware, or replacing power supply
201
Power supply and
configuration file
mismatch
Replace the correct PSU
203 Power protecting Please check the environment temperature
204 Power current protecting Please check the environment temperature
205 Power current error Inspection of power supply in power grid
206 Power input voltage is low
Improve power supply conditions and input
voltage
207
Power input current
protecting
Improve power supply conditions and input
voltage
210 Power error status Check power failure code
213
Power input voltage and
current do not match the
power
Replace the PSU
233
Power output over
temperature protection
Please check the environment temperature
234
Power output over
temperature protection
Please check the environment temperature
235
Power output over
temperature protection
Please check the environment temperature
236
Overcurrent Protection of
Power Output
Please check the environment temperature,
check copper row screw
237
Overcurrent Protection of
Power Output
Please check the environment temperature,
check copper row screw
238
Overcurrent Protection of
Power Output
Please check the environment temperature,
check copper row screw
239
Overvoltage Protection of
Power Output
Inspection of power supply in power grid
240
Low Voltage Protection for
Power Output
Inspection of power supply in power grid
241
Power output current
imbalance
Replace the power
243
Over-temperature
Protection for Power Input
Please check the environment temperature
244
Over-temperature
Protection for Power Input
Please check the environment temperature
245
Over-temperature
Protection for Power Input
Please check the environment temperature
246
Overcurrent Protection for
Power Input
Please check the environment temperature
247
Overcurrent Protection for
Power Input
Please check the environment temperature
248
Overvoltage Protection for
Power Input
Inspection of input voltage in power grid
249
Overvoltage Protection for
Power Input
Inspection of input voltage in power grid
250
Undervoltage Protection
for Power Input
Inspection of input voltage in power grid
251
Undervoltage Protection
for Power Input
Inspection of input voltage in power grid
253 Power Fan Error Replace the PSU
254 Power Fan Error Replace the PSU
255
Protection of over power
output
Please check the environment temperature
256
Protection of over power
output
Please check the environment temperature
257
Input over current
protection of power supply
primary side
Try to power off and restart, no effect to
replace the power supply
263
Power communication
warning
Check whether the screws of the control
board are locked
264 Power communication error
Check whether the screws of the control
board are locked
267 Power watchdog protection Contact the technician in time
268
Power output over-current
protection
Check the ambient temperature, check the
copper bar screw
269
Power input over-current
protection
Improve power supply conditions and input
voltage
270
Power input over-voltage
protection
Inspection of input voltage in power grid
271
Power input under-voltage
protection
Inspection of input voltage in power grid
272
Warning of excessive power
output of power supply
Please check the environment temperature
273
Power input power too high
warning
Please check the environment temperature
274 Power fan warning
Check if the power fan is blocked and may
need to be replaced
275
Power over temperature
warning
Please check the environment temperature
300
SM0 temperature sensor
detection error
Check the connection of the hashboard
301
SM1 temperature sensor
detection error
Check the connection of the hashboard
302
SM2 temperature sensor
detection error
Check the connection of the hashboard
320
SM0 temperature reading
error
Check whether the control board screw is
locked properly, check the connection board
and the arrangement contact
321
SM1 temperature reading
error
Check whether the control board screw is
locked properly, check the connection board
and the arrangement contact
322
SM2 temperature reading
error
Check whether the control board screw is
locked properly, check the connection board
and the arrangement contact
329
Control board temperature
sensor communication error
Replace the power supply
350 SM0 temperature protecting Please check the environment temperature
351 SM1 temperature protecting Please check the environment temperature
352 SM2 temperature protecting Please check the environment temperature
410 SM0 detect eeprom error Check adapter board and wiring contact
411 SM1 detect eeprom error Check adapter board and wiring contact
412 SM2 detect eeprom error Check adapter board and wiring contact
420 SM0 parser eeprom error Contact the technician in time
421 SM1 parser eeprom error Contact the technician in time
422 SM2 parser eeprom error Contact the technician in time
430 SM0 chip bin type error Contact the technician in time
431 SM1 chip bin type error Contact the technician in time
432 SM2 chip bin type error Contact the technician in time
440
SM0 eeprom chip num X
error
Contact the technician in time
441
SM1 eeprom chip num X
error
Contact the technician in time
442
SM2 eeprom chip num X
error
Contact the technician in time
510 SM0 miner type error
The version and type of hashboard are
inconsistent, replace the correct hashboard
511 SM1 miner type error
The version and type of hashboard are
inconsistent, replace the correct hashboard
512 SM2 miner type error
The version and type of hashboard are
inconsistent, replace the correct hashboard
530 SM0 not found
Check the connection and arrangement of the
adapter board, or replace the control
board, check whether the hash board
connector is empty welded
531 SM1 not found
Check the connection and arrangement of the
adapter board, or replace the control
board, check whether the hash board
connector is empty welded
532 SM2 not found
Check the connection and arrangement of the
adapter board, or replace the control
board, check whether the hash board
connector is empty welded
540 SM0 reading chip id error
Check adapter board and wiring contact,
Clean the dust on the hashboard
541 SM1 reading chip id error
Check adapter board and wiring contact,
Clean the dust on the hashboard
542 SM2 reading chip id error
Check adapter board and wiring contact,
Clean the dust on the hashboard
550 SM0 have bad chips Replacement of bad chips
551 SM1 have bad chips Replacement of bad chips
552 SM2 have bad chips Replacement of bad chips
560 SM0 loss balance
Plug in the adapter plate, and then screw
in the power connection hashboard again
561 SM1 loss balance
Plug in the adapter plate, and then screw
in the power connection hashboard again
562 SM2 loss balance
Plug in the adapter plate, and then screw
in the power connection hashboard again
600
Environment temperature is
high
Please check the environment temperature
610
If the ambient temperature
is too high in high
performance mode, return
to normal mode
Check the ambient temperature, high
performance mode needs to be controlled
below 30 ?
710
Control board rebooted as
exception
Updating the latest firmware.Check whether
the control board screw is locked properly
800 cgminer checksum error Re-upgrade firmware
801
system-monitor checksum
error
Re-upgrade firmware
802
remote-daemon checksum
error
Re-upgrade firmware
2010 All pools are disable Please check the network or pools configure
2020 Pool0 connect failed Please check the network or pools configure
2021 Pool1 connect failed Please check the network or pools configure
2022 Pool2 connect failed Please check the network or pools configure
2030
High rejection rate of
pool
Please check the network or pools
configure.Setting of mining currency
2040
The pool does not support
the asicboost mode
Check pool configuration
5110 SM0 Frequency Up Timeout reboot
5111 SM1 Frequency Up Timeout reboot
5112 SM2 Frequency Up Timeout reboot
8410
Software version error
(M2x miner with M3x
firmware, or M3x with M2x
firmware).
Upgrade to the correct firmware version
PSU
Error
code
Reason processing method
0x0001 Input undervoltage Check the power supply
0x0002
Temperature sampling over
temperature protection of
power radiator
Power on again after 10 minutes of power
failure. If it occurs again, replace the
power supply
0x0004
Temperature sampling over
temperature protection of
power radiator
Power on again after 10 minutes of power
failure. If it occurs again, replace the
power supply
0x0008
Over temperature
protection of
environmental temperature
sampling in power supply
Power on again after 10 minutes of power
failure. If it occurs again, replace the
power supply
0x0010 Primary side over current
Power on again after 10 minutes of power
failure. If it occurs again, replace the
power supply
0x0020 Output undervoltage Check the power supply
0x0040
Output over current
(continuous load 320A for
more than 2S)
Tighten the copper bar screw again
0x0080 Primary side over current
Power on again after 10 minutes of power
failure. If it occurs again, replace the
power supply
0x0100
Single circuit overcurrent
(protection point 120a)
Check the PSU
0x0200
Single circuit overcurrent
(protection point 120a)
Check the PSU
0x0400
Single circuit overcurrent
(protection point 120a)
Check the PSU
0x0800 Fan failure Replace the PSU
0x1000
Output over current
(continuous load of 310A
for more than 5min)
Check the PSU
0x2000
Output over current
(continuous load 295A for
more than 10min)
Check the PS
Error code Reason Processing method 110 Fanin detect speed error Check whether the fan connection is normal, or replace the power supply, or replace the fan 111 Fanout detect speed error Check whether the fan connection is normal, or replace the power supply, or replace the fan 130 Fanin speed error Check whether the fan connection is normal, or replace the power supply, or replace the fan 131 Fanout speed error Check whether the fan connection is normal, or replace the power supply, or replace the fan 140 Fan speed is too high Please check the environment temperature 200 Power probing error, no power found Detecting power output wiring, updating the latest firmware, or replacing power supply 201 Power supply and configuration file mismatch Replace the correct PSU 203 Power protecting Please check the environment temperature 204 Power current protecting Please check the environment temperature 205 Power current error Inspection of power supply in power grid 206 Power input voltage is low Improve power supply conditions and input voltage 207 Power input current protecting Improve power supply conditions and input voltage 210 Power error status Check power failure code 213 Power input voltage and current do not match the power Replace the PSU 233 Power output over temperature protection Please check the environment temperature 234 Power output over temperature protection Please check the environment temperature 235 Power output over temperature protection Please check the environment temperature 236 Overcurrent Protection of Power Output Please check the environment temperature， check copper row screw 237 Overcurrent Protection of Power Output Please check the environment temperature， check copper row screw 238 Overcurrent Protection of Power Output Please check the environment temperature， check copper row screw 239 Overvoltage Protection of Power Output Inspection of power supply in power grid 240 Low Voltage Protection for Power Output Inspection of power supply in power grid 241 Power output current imbalance Replace the power 243 Over-temperature Protection for Power Input Please check the environment temperature 244 Over-temperature Protection for Power Input Please check the environment temperature 245 Over-temperature Protection for Power Input Please check the environment temperature 246 Overcurrent Protection for Power Input Please check the environment temperature 247 Overcurrent Protection for Power Input Please check the environment temperature 248 Overvoltage Protection for Power Input Inspection of input voltage in power grid 249 Overvoltage Protection for Power Input Inspection of input voltage in power grid 250 Undervoltage Protection for Power Input Inspection of input voltage in power grid 251 Undervoltage Protection for Power Input Inspection of input voltage in power grid 253 Power Fan Error Replace the PSU 254 Power Fan Error Replace the PSU 255 Protection of over power output Please check the environment temperature 256 Protection of over power output Please check the environment temperature 257 Input over current protection of power supply primary side Try to power off and restart, no effect to replace the power supply 263 Power communication warning Check whether the screws of the control board are locked 264 Power communication error Check whether the screws of the control board are locked 267 Power watchdog protection Contact the technician in time 268 Power output over-current protection Check the ambient temperature, check the copper bar screw 269 Power input over-current protection Improve power supply conditions and input voltage 270 Power input over-voltage protection Inspection of input voltage in power grid 271 Power input under-voltage protection Inspection of input voltage in power grid 272 Warning of excessive power output of power supply Please check the environment temperature 273 Power input power too high warning Please check the environment temperature 274 Power fan warning Check if the power fan is blocked and may need to be replaced 275 Power over temperature warning Please check the environment temperature 300 SM0 temperature sensor detection error Check the connection of the hashboard 301 SM1 temperature sensor detection error Check the connection of the hashboard 302 SM2 temperature sensor detection error Check the connection of the hashboard 320 SM0 temperature reading error Check whether the control board screw is locked properly, check the connection board and the arrangement contact 321 SM1 temperature reading error Check whether the control board screw is locked properly, check the connection board and the arrangement contact 322 SM2 temperature reading error Check whether the control board screw is locked properly, check the connection board and the arrangement contact 329 Control board temperature sensor communication error Replace the power supply 350 SM0 temperature protecting Please check the environment temperature 351 SM1 temperature protecting Please check the environment temperature 352 SM2 temperature protecting Please check the environment temperature 410 SM0 detect eeprom error Check adapter board and wiring contact 411 SM1 detect eeprom error Check adapter board and wiring contact 412 SM2 detect eeprom error Check adapter board and wiring contact 420 SM0 parser eeprom error Contact the technician in time 421 SM1 parser eeprom error Contact the technician in time 422 SM2 parser eeprom error Contact the technician in time 430 SM0 chip bin type error Contact the technician in time 431 SM1 chip bin type error Contact the technician in time 432 SM2 chip bin type error Contact the technician in time 440 SM0 eeprom chip num X error Contact the technician in time 441 SM1 eeprom chip num X error Contact the technician in time 442 SM2 eeprom chip num X error Contact the technician in time 510 SM0 miner type error The version and type of hashboard are inconsistent, replace the correct hashboard 511 SM1 miner type error The version and type of hashboard are inconsistent, replace the correct hashboard 512 SM2 miner type error The version and type of hashboard are inconsistent, replace the correct hashboard 530 SM0 not found Check the connection and arrangement of the adapter board, or replace the control board, check whether the hash board connector is empty welded 531 SM1 not found Check the connection and arrangement of the adapter board, or replace the control board, check whether the hash board connector is empty welded 532 SM2 not found Check the connection and arrangement of the adapter board, or replace the control board, check whether the hash board connector is empty welded 540 SM0 reading chip id error Check adapter board and wiring contact， Clean the dust on the hashboard 541 SM1 reading chip id error Check adapter board and wiring contact， Clean the dust on the hashboard 542 SM2 reading chip id error Check adapter board and wiring contact， Clean the dust on the hashboard 550 SM0 have bad chips Replacement of bad chips 551 SM1 have bad chips Replacement of bad chips 552 SM2 have bad chips Replacement of bad chips 560 SM0 loss balance Plug in the adapter plate, and then screw in the power connection hashboard again 561 SM1 loss balance Plug in the adapter plate, and then screw in the power connection hashboard again 562 SM2 loss balance Plug in the adapter plate, and then screw in the power connection hashboard again 600 Environment temperature is high Please check the environment temperature 610 If the ambient temperature is too high in high performance mode, return to normal mode Check the ambient temperature, high performance mode needs to be controlled below 30 ℃ 710 Control board rebooted as exception Updating the latest firmware.Check whether the control board screw is locked properly 800 cgminer checksum error Re-upgrade firmware 801 system-monitor checksum error Re-upgrade firmware 802 remote-daemon checksum error Re-upgrade firmware 2010 All pools are disable Please check the network or pools configure 2020 Pool0 connect failed Please check the network or pools configure 2021 Pool1 connect failed Please check the network or pools configure 2022 Pool2 connect failed Please check the network or pools configure 2030 High rejection rate of pool Please check the network or pools configure.Setting of mining currency 2040 The pool does not support the asicboost mode Check pool configuration 5110 SM0 Frequency Up Timeout reboot 5111 SM1 Frequency Up Timeout reboot 5112 SM2 Frequency Up Timeout reboot 8410 Software version error (M2x miner with M3x firmware, or M3x with M2x firmware). Upgrade to the correct firmware version PSU Error code Reason processing method 0x0001 Input undervoltage Check the power supply 0x0002 Temperature sampling over temperature protection of power radiator Power on again after 10 minutes of power failure. If it occurs again, replace the power supply 0x0004 Temperature sampling over temperature protection of power radiator Power on again after 10 minutes of power failure. If it occurs again, replace the power supply 0x0008 Over temperature protection of environmental temperature sampling in power supply Power on again after 10 minutes of power failure. If it occurs again, replace the power supply 0x0010 Primary side over current Power on again after 10 minutes of power failure. If it occurs again, replace the power supply 0x0020 Output undervoltage Check the power supply 0x0040 Output over current (continuous load 320A for more than 2S) Tighten the copper bar screw again 0x0080 Primary side over current Power on again after 10 minutes of power failure. If it occurs again, replace the power supply 0x0100 Single circuit overcurrent (protection point 120a) Check the PSU 0x0200 Single circuit overcurrent (protection point 120a) Check the PSU 0x0400 Single circuit overcurrent (protection point 120a) Check the PSU 0x0800 Fan failure Replace the PSU 0x1000 Output over current (continuous load of 310A for more than 5min) Check the PSU 0x2000 Output over current (continuous load 295A for more than 10min) Check the PS
Kelly?
Buckwheat flour, I might add.
I’m really sorry I was rude before.
— Келли?
— Есть гречневая мука, я могла бы добавить её.
Мне очень жаль, что я был таким грубым.
I got every single flour imaginable.
I got buckwheat flour and…
Spelt and almond flour…
Купила муку всевозможных сортов.
Есть гречневая мука и…
Пшеничная и миндальная мука…
Kelly?
Buckwheat flour, I might add.
I’m really sorry I was rude before.
— Келли?
— Есть гречневая мука, я могла бы добавить её.
Мне очень жаль, что я был таким грубым.
I got every single flour imaginable.
I got buckwheat flour and…
Spelt and almond flour…
Купила муку всевозможных сортов.
Есть гречневая мука и…
Пшеничная и миндальная мука…
Hold on… Now I remember we went to Eri’s directly from Shogun and had dinner.
Could you buy me some flour on the way here?
It’s been a while and I thought we should have some okonomiyaki.
Подожди… мы пошли к Эри сразу из Сьогуна и ужинали вместе.
Можете купить муки по дороге сюда?
а я отела сделать окономияки.
Does that work for you?
My point is that white flour is essentially poison.
You’ll see.
Тебе подходит?
Я считаю, что белая мука — это яд.
Вот увидишь.
Let’s go to sleep!
Blessing, godmother moon, give me bread with flour…
The full moon brought Crazy Maria… who was going to get married to a famous English statesman.
Давай баиньки!
Благослови, матушка Луна. Даруй нам хлеб насущный.
Но Луна дала нам Марию Полоумную, которая грезила о браке с известным английским политиком.
If you put laundry in it, the next day it’s clean.
Not much flour left. I put a little wood in.
He says my poems are rubbish!
Если положить белье, то на следующий день будет чистое.
Муки мало осталось, я в нее добавляю немного дерева.
Пишет, что стихи мои графоманские и слабые!
— Yes.
Then you add the flour.
Halise probably taught that too?
— Ага.
Теперь добавь муки.
Ага, об этом тоже тебе сказала Халиса?
WANT SOME?
YOU KNOW, WHITE FLOUR AND WHITE SUGAR ARE ABOUT THE WORST THINGS YOU CAN PUT IN YOUR BODY.
UH-HUH.
Хочешь?
Знаешь, белая мука и белый сахар – это едва ли не худшее, что можно положить в желудок.
Ага. Тридцать лет назад мы устраивали твой первый день рождения.
It’s early yet.
If Christine has the flu, try a footbath with mustard flour.
— Can’t we see Christine?
Еще рано.
Если у Кристины грипп, сделайте ножную ванну с горчичным порошком.
— Мы не можем увидеться с Кристиной?
That’s my Night Guard… so I don’t grind my teeth.
Buckwheat pillow.
It’s hypoallergenic.
Это моя ночная пластинка, чтобы я не скрипел зубами.
Чудо-подушка.
Гипоаллергенная.
How did it make to touch me? It is…
Flour…?
I cannot lose! It left!
Почему его рука не застряла?
Что это за пудра?
Если ты не можешь остановить меня, тогда….
To make sure.
Add flour and spread it.
…her daughter, who had heard shots, and a few neighbors.
Так спокойнее
Оно липкое!
Добавь ещё муки …дочь услышала выстрелы
I remember the food you prepared in the competition
Will you be able to prepare that buckwheat cake again?
Though I couldn’t dare to tell you I’ve always wanted to
Мне запомнились блюда, что ты стряпала для состязания.
Сможешь ещё раз приготовить те рулеты из гречневой муки?
Я не решалась признаться, но мне очень хочется стряпать.
You always knew what was inside of me.
Beans, lard, flour… milk and sugar if they got it.
Go with Jonesy.
— Ты знала, что во мне прячется.
— Бобы, сало, мука, молоко и сахар, если есть.
— Хокинс! — Да? — Иди с Джонси.
No, back where you took it.
100 kilos of flour, 4 bags.
I show you how to carry them.
Нет, нет, поставь на место, где стояла, а то потом не найдёшь.
Дальше, 100 кг муки, 4 мешка.
Я покажу тебе, как их надо нести.
— Tomorrow I’m going to the salon.
— Okay, Buckwheat.
You gotta hear this, it’s great! It’s like free porn.
— Завтра я иду в салон.
— Хорошо, Баквит.
Вы должны это услышать, это как бесплатное порно.
THIS NEARLY WAS OURS. HMM.
A FLOUR-LESS ANNIVERSARY CAKE.
SANDALWOOD CANDLES.
Всё это чуть не случилось с нами.
Праздничный торт без муки.
Сандаловые свечи.
Because we’re gonna need flour.
Lots and lots of flour.
Gingy!
А то, что нам понадобится мука.
Много-много муки.
Имбирный!
-This much rambling hasn’t been heard up here since the Lapua Movement ravaged.
-Grandpa, he carried a 50 kg bag of flour… an iron stove and his rheumatic old woman on his back for
-50 kilometers!
— Столько чуши я не слышал со времён движения в Лаппо. /движение правых экстремистов 1929-32 гг., возникшее в г. Лаппо (Финляндия)/
— Дедушка нёс 50-килограммовый мешок муки, железную плиту и свою ревматичную жену на спине 40 километров.
— 50 километров!
I only came over for the chance to see my beautiful Donna.
I’m gonna come back to this Podunk town and buy whatever flour mill Eric is working at… fire him, and
You’re a creepy kid.
Я пришел только чтобы увидеть мою прекрасную Донну.
Когда я заработаю кучу денег на роботах, я вернусь в эту дыру, куплю все мельницы, где работает Эрик, уволю его и женюсь на моей Донне.
Ты извращенец.
-No, meth.
You mix in flour and filter it trough a loaf.
-Stage experience?
— Нет, спирта.
Надо смешать его с мукой и пропустить через хлеб.
— Сценический опыт?
Why?
Because we’re gonna need flour.
Lots and lots of flour.
А что?
А то, что нам понадобится мука.
Много-много муки.
What are you selling?
Eggs, flour…
No, it’s nothing like that.
Что вы продаете?
Яйца, муку? ..
Нет, я не продаю.
More diamonds.
Every stone is worth 1.000 sacks of flour.
You’re thinking and talking like a merchant.
Опять бриллианты.
Каждый камушек стоит как тысяча мешков с мукой.
Ты мыслишь и говоришь как торгаш.
Parfion Semyonovich Rogozhin.
Wholesale flour merchant.
Friends of mine.
Парфен Семенович Рогожин.
Торговец мукой.
Друзья.
— It’s all your fault, you tramp.
— If the baker is no good, he blames the flour.
— Don’t give me that nonsense.
Это все твоя вина
Когда пекарь плохой, он винит во всем муку
Не неси чушь
— A low type of store.
Probably have boll weevils in the flour.
Oh, no, sir. 6.85.
— 5,75.
— Низкопробный магазин. Наверняка здесь и тараканы есть.
5,11. О, нет, сэр. 6,85.
It’s reduced to a special price this week.
You know, I think I could whip up something niftier than that myself out of old flour sacks.
— Well, it’s the cheapest we have.
Она продается по специальной цене на этой неделе.
Вы знаете, я думаю, я могу на скорую руку сшить что-то похожее, для себя из старых мешков муки.
— Это самое дешевое, что у нас есть.
Linda, come here!
At the flour again, eh?
Don’t I feed you?
Поцелуй меня, Марио.
Осторожно, испачкаешь одежду!
Линда, иди сюда!
Don’t I feed you?
I didn’t eat your flour.
Caught in the act!
Линда, иди сюда!
Ты опять ела муку?
Я тебя плохо кормлю?
Показать еще
- Case report
- Open Access
- Published: 16 February 2014
Journal of Medical Case Reports
volume 8, Article number: 55 (2014)
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Abstract
Introduction
Lupin allergy remains a significant cause of food-induced allergic reactivity and anaphylaxis. Previous work suggests a strong association with legume allergy and peanut allergy in particular. Both doctors and the public have little awareness of lupin as an allergen.
Case presentation
Case 1 was a 41-year-old Caucasian woman without previous atopy who developed facial swelling, widespread urticaria with asthma and hypotension within minutes of eating a quiche. Her lupin allergy was confirmed by both blood and skin tests. Her lupin sensitivity was so severe that even the miniscule amount of lupin allergen in the skin testing reagent produced a mild reaction.
Case 2 was a 42-year-old mildly atopic Caucasian woman with three episodes of worsening urticaria and asthma symptoms over 6 years occurring after the consumption of foods containing lupin flour. Blood and skin tests were positive for lupin allergy.
Case 3 was a 38-year-old Caucasian woman with known oral allergy syndrome who had two reactions associated with urticaria and vomiting after consuming foods containing lupin flour. Skin testing confirmed significant responses to a lupin flour extract and to one of the foods inducing her reaction.
Case 4 was a 54-year-old mildly atopic Caucasian woman with a 7 year history of three to four episodes each year of unpredictable oral tingling followed by urticaria after consuming a variety of foods. The most recent episode had been associated with vomiting. She had developed oral tingling with lentil and chickpeas over the previous year. Skin and blood tests confirmed lupin allergy with associated sensitivity to several legumes.
Conclusions
Lupin allergy can occur for the first time in adults without previous atopy or legume sensitivity. Although asymptomatic sensitisation is frequent, clinical reactivity can vary in severity from severe anaphylaxis to urticaria and vomiting. Lupin allergy may be confirmed by skin and specific immunoglobulin E estimation. Even skin testing can cause symptoms in some highly sensitive individuals. The diagnosis of lupin allergy in adults may be difficult because it is frequently included as an undeclared ingredient. Better food labelling and medical awareness of lupin as a cause of serious allergic reactions is suggested.
Peer Review reports
Introduction
Lupin flour allergy can be severe and unpredictable and despite European legislation (Commission Directive 2006/142/EC) introduced in December 2006 it is often still used without disclosure on the list of ingredients in foods such as pastries. There is significant cross-reactivity between lupin and peanut but less so with other legumes [1]. We describe four cases of severe lupin flour allergy in adults with and without associated legume sensitisation. The absence of adequate food labelling and poor public and physician awareness of lupin as a cause of severe allergic reactivity led to a marked delay in the diagnosis and required detailed investigation to uncover the cause of the reactions.
Case presentations
Case 1
A 41-year-old Caucasian woman ate approximately 150g of a superior range quiche. Within a minute she felt a tickling sensation in her throat and eyes and the latter became swollen. She became dyspnoeic with tightness of her chest, wheezing and coughing. Examination in hospital confirmed a tachycardia of 120/minute, blood pressure of 75/50mmHg and scattered wheezes throughout both lungs. She then rapidly developed widespread urticaria and further swelling of her face. Treatment with adrenaline, antihistamines and steroids produced gradual improvement over the ensuing 4 hours and she required two further injections of adrenaline.
Subsequent questioning confirmed the absence of previous atopy, concurrent use of antacids/proton pump inhibitors or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, suggestion of the oral allergy syndrome (OAS) or features to suggest a food exercise anaphylaxis. All foods eaten on the day of the reaction had been eaten before on numerous occasions without reactivity.
Skin testing was performed to include foods that may comprise undisclosed ingredients. This confirmed a very large wheal to lupin flour at 11mm but with negative responses to milk, egg, wheat, soya, sesame seed, peanuts, cod, prawn, salmon, beans, beef, pork as well as to mixed grass, tree and weed pollens. However, soon after the skin testing the patient developed tickling of her throat that responded only slowly to oral antihistamines. On return home she vomited and then improved gradually.
Her blood tests using the ImmunoCAP™ assay (Thermo Scientific, Uppsala, Sweden) later showed an isolated sensitivity to lupin flour with a specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) of 25.4kUA/L and with a total IgE of 204kU/L. There were negative responses to peanut, sesame seed and salmon as well as to 114 allergens tested in the ImmunoCAP ISAC® (Immuno Solid-phase Allergen Chip) (Thermo Scientific, Uppsala, Sweden) panel including Ara h 1. Further enquiry confirmed that the quiche contained lupin flour in the pastry crust. This was not mentioned in the list of ingredients.
Case 2
A 42-year-old Caucasian woman had three reactions over 6 years. Each was delayed by 10 minutes or more after consumption of the suspected lupin-containing food and associated with generalised urticaria and asthma but without hypotension, vomiting and diarrhoea. The first occurred with a small piece of cake in an upmarket bakery, the second occurred 3 years previously and with a small piece of bread from a health food shop and the third reaction occurred with a small amount of short crust pastry. With the latter reaction the asthma symptoms were sufficiently severe to require emergency treatment in hospital with nebulised salbutamol, intramuscular antihistamines and hydrocortisone. All the foods were later discovered to contain lupin flour as a minor ingredient. The patient denied symptoms of an underlying OAS, nut allergy, legume sensitivity and seasonal allergic rhinitis. She had mild asthma induced by exposure to animal dander and mild eczema evident with stress.
Skin prick testing confirmed an 8mm wheal to a commercial lupin flour reagent, a 4mm wheal to peanut and negative responses to soya, white bean, sesame seed and wheat. Her blood tests using the ImmunoCAP™ assay showed a total IgE of 467kU/L and she had 75kUA/L specific IgE to lupin flour with 4.04kUA/L to peanut, 9.6kUA/L to Ara h 2, 6.2kUA/L to Ara h 8, 5.4kUA/L to Bet V1, 1.61kUA/L to fenugreek and <0.1kUA/L to soya, Ara h 1 and Ara h 3.
Case 3
A 38-year-old Caucasian woman experienced immediate oral and throat itching followed, 1 hour later, by generalised urticaria and vomiting after eating pancakes and cooked cherries. There were no respiratory or cardiovascular symptoms. She had a history of atopic disease since childhood with atopic eczema, seasonal allergic rhinitis and mild asthma. She also had features of the birch pollen-related OAS, experiencing oral itching when eating raw apples, melons, hazelnut and plums.
Initial skin prick tests (SPTs) were positive to mixed grass pollens, mixed tree pollens, silver birch pollen, walnut, hazelnut and potato. However, she then had an episode of generalised urticaria 1 hour after eating gluten-free spaghetti containing lupin flour. Further SPTs were negative to raw and cooked cherries but were significantly positive with 5mm and 7mm wheals to the spaghetti containing lupin and to lupin flour extract respectively. Further investigation confirmed the pancakes to contain lupin flour also. Unfortunately she has been unable to attend for follow-up and thus further assessment of an underlying legume sensitisation has not been possible. However, she did not have any indication of legume sensitivity in her clinical history.
Case 4
A 54-year-old Caucasian woman with mild seasonal allergic rhinitis had for the previous 7 years had three to four episodes each year of unpredictable oral tingling followed by urticaria after consuming a variety of foods. The latter generally included high-end pastries and bread but without exercise, alcohol or drug ingestion. Her most recent episode had been associated with vomiting. None of the reactions had been associated with cardiorespiratory compromise or diarrhoea. Over the previous few months she had developed mild oral tingling with lentil and chickpeas but these symptoms were brief and she had continued to consume these. Skin testing confirmed a 7mm wheal to lupin flour but with negative responses to milk, wheat, peanut, white beans, soya and sesame seeds. Blood tests confirmed a mildly raised total IgE of 201kU/L with a highly positive specific IgE to lupin at 55kUA/L. The specific IgE to fenugreek was positive at 5.3kUA/L, chickpeas at 4.2kUA/L and lentil at 3.1kUA/L. The results were negative to pea, soya, whole peanut and Ara h 1. Since careful avoidance of lupin-containing foods she had not had any reactions for the previous 2 years.
Discussion
Lupin flour is derived from Lupinus angustifolius and is a legume. Its use, particularly in baked products, has increased significantly over the last decade. This may relate to its high protein content and its possible ability to lower cholesterol levels and improve glycaemic control [2]. The major allergenic proteins of lupin are not fully characterised but include α- and β-conglutins, with a lesser presence of γ- and δ-conglutins [3]. The β-conglutin corresponding to Lup an 1, which is considered the major lupin allergen [2], has sequence similarities to the peanut Ara h 1 [3]. Of interest, however, specific IgE to Ara h 1 was negative in patients one and two. The mechanism of lupin sensitisation in our patients without any legume or peanut sensitivity is unclear. However, the recent introduction of lupin flour in foods may represent a novel protein and thus reactivity may represent a new allergy for the patient.
Sensitisation to lupin flour is significantly more frequent than clinical reactivity [4, 5]. In both children and adults, lupin sensitisation is more frequent in those with peanut allergy (17.1% and 14.6% respectively) and those with underlying atopy (2.5% and 3.7% respectively) [5]. Others have reported significantly higher rates of sensitisation in those with peanut allergy [6, 7]. In our practice we have found lupin sensitisation in approximately one-fifth of our patients with peanut allergy and with only a few having mild and localised clinical reactivity. Clearly this creates problems on how to advise patients. We suggest that lupin-sensitised patients without evidence of any sort of previous reactivity continue on a normal diet but if eating out or consuming unfamiliar foods they should have antihistamines available. With the development of even mild oral itching with lupin contaminated foods, then this should be avoided completely. These patients may benefit from a double-blind oral lupin challenge if there is doubt about clinical reactivity.
In regard to our four cases of lupin allergy, our second patient had a mildly positive SPT to peanut and with positive specific to peanut and to the Ara h 2 and Ara h 8 proteins but not to the Ara h 1 or Ara h 3. This appears to suggest a coincidental nut allergy and a possible underlying OAS. The negative results to Ara h 1 makes cross-reactivity with the lupin Lup an 1 protein very unlikely. In addition, the absence of specific IgE to Ara h 3 makes the peanut sensitivity unlikely to be due to a legume-based cross-reactivity. However, our fourth patient had positive specific IgE to fenugreek, chickpeas and lentil and evidence of a mild clinical legume allergy.
The amount of lupin flour that can elicit a discernable reaction varies considerably and may be as low as 0.5mg [7]. In adults working with lupin flour, sensitisation and clinical reactivity has been reported to cause rhinitis, asthma and conjunctival irritation [8]. Lupin allergy in adults can be very severe and often without previous atopy [9]. Indeed in our first patient without concurrent atopy even the skin testing produced symptoms in the throat and later vomiting. The frequency of lupin allergy in adults with an underlying OAS is not known but was evident clinically in the third patient and suggested serologically on blood tests with the second patient.
In comparison to the European Continent, lupin is a rarely used ingredient in the United Kingdom. When used it is often a minority (<10%) ingredient often in conjunction with wheat flour. The reactions in all our patients occurred after the consumption of wheat products that were later discovered to contain lupin flour. Knowledge about lupin allergy is poor even though 8% of those with peanut allergy may have a potential lupin allergy.
Our first patient demonstrated lupin flour-induced anaphylaxis without prior atopy. This was first reported in children by Wassenberg and Hofer in 2007 [10]. Among the 1522 patients with suspected food allergy reported by Hieta et al. [9], 25 (1.6%) were SPT positive for lupin and seven of these patients manifested varying degrees of clinical reactivity. Our second case had two significant allergic reactions of unknown cause before lupin allergy was diagnosed. In the fourth case, three to four reactions had occurred annually for 7 years before lupin allergy was diagnosed. It is therefore important that testing for lupin sensitivity is undertaken in all patients presenting with severe allergic reactions without obvious cause. As with the case reported by Rossi et al. [11], the reaction in our third case involved lupin flour used in a gluten-free product. It is vitally important therefore that: a) clinicians are aware of lupin flour as a potential allergen, b) the general public are further educated as to the usage of lupin flour particularly in baked goods and the particular risk posed to those who have a peanut and legume allergy, and c) that manufacturers ensure that any amount of lupin flour (even if masked by wheat flour) is included on lists of ingredients such that affected individuals can take necessary steps to minimise their risk.
Conclusions
Lupin allergy without previous atopy or legume sensitivity can present for the first time in adult life and vary in severity from asymptomatic sensitisation to severe anaphylaxis. The more expensive high-end wheat-based foods are most frequently incriminated in allergic reactions. Skin prick testing and analysis of specific IgE can readily confirm lupin allergy and a high index of suspicion should be maintained because lupin is frequently used without being listed in the ingredients. In highly sensitised individuals, even skin testing can cause symptoms. Legislation to enforce the declaration of lupin as an ingredient and improved medical awareness of lupin as a cause of serious allergic reactions is suggested.
Consent
Written informed consent was obtained from the patients for publication of this manuscript and accompanying images. A copy of the written consents is available for review by the Editor-in-Chief of this journal.
Abbreviations
- IgE:
-
Immunoglobulin E
- OAS:
-
Oral allergy syndrome
- SPT:
-
Skin prick test.
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Acknowledgements
We would like to thank our patients for their agreeing to allow the publication of their clinical histories. No funding was required for the investigation of the patients or the writing of this report.
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Department of Immunology and Allergy, St Helier Hospital, Carshalton, Surrey, SM5 1AA, UK
Amolak S Bansal, Mihir M Sanghvi, Rhea A Bansal & Grant R Hayman
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ASB and GRH saw the patients, managed them clinically and drafted the report. RAB and MMS did the literature search and helped write the report. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
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Bansal, A.S., Sanghvi, M.M., Bansal, R.A. et al. Variably severe systemic allergic reactions after consuming foods with unlabelled lupin flour: a case series.
J Med Case Reports 8, 55 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1186/1752-1947-8-55
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Received: 17 June 2013
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Accepted: 02 December 2013
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Published: 16 February 2014
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1752-1947-8-55
Keywords
- Anaphylaxis
- Food labelling
- Gluten-free spaghetti
- Lupin allergy
- Oral allergy
На чтение 8 мин. Просмотров 5.3k. Опубликовано 03.09.2019
Ошибки BSoD обычно вызваны неисправным оборудованием или конфликтом программного обеспечения. Эти ошибки могут быть довольно серьезными и даже могут помешать вам получить доступ к Windows 10. QUOTA UNDERFLOW – одна из этих ошибок, но, к счастью, есть несколько доступных решений, которые могут помочь вам решить эту проблему.
Исправить ошибку QUOTA UNDERFLOW BSoD в Windows 10
- Убедитесь, что у вас установлена последняя версия Windows
- Обновите драйверы
- Запустите средство устранения неполадок оборудования
- Запустить сканирование SFC
- Запустите DISM
- Удалите все недавно добавленные программные или аппаратные средства
- Удалите антивирусное программное обеспечение
- Проверьте ваше оборудование
Как я могу исправить ошибки QUOTA UNDERFLOW?
Решение 1. Убедитесь, что у вас установлена последняя версия Windows
Часто эти проблемы вызваны несовместимостью оборудования или программного обеспечения, и для предотвращения появления этих проблем необходимо регулярно обновлять Windows 10. Microsoft постоянно решает проблемы с аппаратным и программным обеспечением, и для достижения наиболее стабильной и безошибочной работы с Windows 10 крайне важно регулярно устанавливать обновления.
Несколько пользователей сообщили, что их проблема с ошибкой QUOTA UNDERFLOW была решена после обновления Windows 10 до последней версии. Помните, что обновление Windows 10 может не решить вашу проблему, но все же это хорошая практика, которая избавит вас от большинства проблем несовместимости.
Решение 2. Обновите драйверы
Как мы уже упоминали, ошибка QUOTA UNDERFLOW может быть вызвана устаревшим драйвером, и для исправления этой ошибки довольно важно установить последние версии драйверов. Вы можете загрузить все необходимое программное обеспечение драйвера у производителя оборудования или с помощью диспетчера устройств.
Чтобы обновить программное обеспечение драйвера из Windows 10, выполните следующие действия:
-
Нажмите Ключ Windows + X и выберите Диспетчер устройств .
-
После открытия диспетчера устройств найдите проблемное устройство, щелкните его правой кнопкой мыши и выберите Обновить программное обеспечение драйвера . Вам придется повторять этот шаг для нескольких устройств, пока не найдете то, что вызывает проблемы.
Обновлять драйверы автоматически
Поиск драйверов самостоятельно может занять много времени. Поэтому мы советуем вам использовать инструмент, который сделает это автоматически. Использование автоматического средства обновления драйверов, безусловно, избавит вас от необходимости поиска драйверов вручную и всегда будет поддерживать вашу систему в курсе последних версий драйверов.
Модуль обновления драйверов Tweakbit (одобрен Microsoft и Norton Antivirus) поможет вам автоматически обновлять драйверы и предотвращать повреждение ПК, вызванное установкой неправильных версий драйверов. После нескольких тестов наша команда пришла к выводу, что это наиболее автоматизированный решение.
Вот краткое руководство о том, как его использовать:
-
Загрузите и установите средство обновления драйверов TweakBit
-
После установки программа начнет сканирование вашего компьютера на наличие устаревших драйверов автоматически. Driver Updater проверит установленные вами версии драйверов по своей облачной базе данных последних версий и порекомендует правильные обновления. Все, что вам нужно сделать, это дождаться завершения сканирования.
-
По завершении сканирования вы получите отчет обо всех проблемных драйверах, найденных на вашем ПК. Просмотрите список и посмотрите, хотите ли вы обновить каждый драйвер по отдельности или все сразу. Чтобы обновить один драйвер за раз, нажмите ссылку «Обновить драйвер» рядом с именем драйвера. Или просто нажмите кнопку «Обновить все» внизу, чтобы автоматически установить все рекомендуемые обновления.
Примечание. Некоторые драйверы необходимо установить в несколько этапов, поэтому вам придется нажмите кнопку «Обновить» несколько раз, пока все его компоненты не будут установлены.
Решение 3. Запустите средство устранения неполадок BSOD .
Следующее, что мы собираемся попробовать, – это собственный инструмент для устранения неполадок в Windows 10. Это средство устранения неполадок может решить различные системные проблемы, включая проблемы BSOD. Таким образом, это также может быть полезно при работе с ошибкой QUOTA UNDERFLOW.
Вот как запустить средство устранения неполадок Windows 10:
- Откройте приложение Настройки и перейдите в раздел Обновление и безопасность .
- Выберите «Устранение неполадок» в меню слева.
-
Выберите BSOD на правой панели и нажмите Запустить средство устранения неполадок .
- Следуйте инструкциям на экране для устранения неполадок.
Решение 4. Запустите сканирование SFC
Если встроенное средство устранения неполадок не выполнило свою задачу, мы собираемся попробовать средство устранения неполадок командной строки. Сканирование SFC проходит через вашу систему в поисках проблем и устраняет их в пути. Может быть, это будет полезно и в случае с ошибкой QUOTA UNDERFLOW.
Вот как запустить сканирование SFC в Windows 10:
- Щелкните правой кнопкой мыши кнопку «Пуск» и откройте Командную строку (Admin).
-
Введите следующую строку и нажмите Enter: SFC/SCANNOW
- Подождите, пока процесс не будет завершен (это может занять некоторое время).
- Если решение найдено, оно будет применено автоматически.
- Теперь закройте командную строку и перезагрузите компьютер.
Решение 5. Запустите DISM .
И третий инструмент для устранения неполадок, который мы собираемся попробовать, это DISM. Обслуживание образов развертывания и управление ими (DISM) – это инструмент, который развертывает образ системы заново. Таким образом, ошибка QUOTA_UNDERFLOW может быть устранена в пути.
Мы рассмотрим как стандартные, так и процедуры, которые используют установочный носитель ниже:
- Стандартный способ
- Щелкните правой кнопкой мыши Пуск и откройте командную строку (администратор).
-
Вставьте следующую команду и нажмите Enter:
-
-
DISM/Online/Cleanup-Image/RestoreHealth
-
DISM/Online/Cleanup-Image/RestoreHealth
-
- Подождите, пока сканирование не закончится.
- Перезагрузите компьютер и попробуйте обновить снова.
- С установочного носителя Windows
- Вставьте установочный носитель Windows.
- Щелкните правой кнопкой мыши меню «Пуск» и выберите в меню «Командная строка» («Администратор»).
-
В командной строке введите следующие команды и нажмите Enter после каждого:
- dism/online/cleanup-image/scanhealth
- dism/online/cleanup-image/restorehealth
-
Теперь введите следующую команду и нажмите Enter:
- DISM/Online/Cleanup-Image/RestoreHealth /source:WIM:X:SourcesInstall.wim:1/LimitAccess
- Обязательно измените значение X с буквой подключенного диска при установке Windows 10.
- После завершения процедуры перезагрузите компьютер.
Решение 6. Удалите все недавно добавленное программное или аппаратное обеспечение .
Если вы недавно установили какое-либо программное или аппаратное обеспечение, это может привести к появлению ошибки QUOTA UNDERFLOW BSoD. Иногда оборудование не полностью совместимо с вашим ПК, и это может привести к появлению этой ошибки BSoD. Если вы помните, что добавляете какое-либо новое оборудование, например, новый адаптер беспроводной сети, жесткий диск или графическую карту, обязательно удалите его и проверьте, нормально ли работает ваша система без него.
- ЧИТАЙТЕ ТАКЖЕ: исправлено: ошибка BSoD Wdf_violation в Windows 10
Что касается программного обеспечения, обязательно удалите все программное обеспечение, которое вы установили за последние несколько дней. Некоторые программы могут быть несовместимы с Windows 10, и это может привести к появлению ошибки BSOT QUOTA_UNDERFLOW. Даже недавно установленные драйверы могут иногда вызывать эту проблему, поэтому, если вы недавно обновили какие-либо драйверы, попробуйте вернуться к более старой версии. Чтобы вернуться к более старой версии, просто удалите драйвер, выполнив следующие действия:
- Нажмите Ключ Windows + X и выберите Диспетчер устройств из списка результатов.
- Когда откроется Диспетчер устройств , вам нужно найти драйвер, который вы хотите удалить.
-
Щелкните правой кнопкой мыши драйвер и выберите в меню Удалить .
- Перезагрузите компьютер, чтобы завершить процесс.
После удаления проблемного драйвера Windows 10 автоматически установит драйвер по умолчанию. Если проблема решена, это означает, что ошибка BSOD была вызвана недавно установленным драйвером. Вы можете попробовать обновить устройство, но обязательно установите старую версию драйвера, а не самую последнюю.
Решение 7. Удалите антивирусное программное обеспечение .
В некоторых случаях антивирусное программное обеспечение может быть основной причиной ошибок BSoD, и многие пользователи сообщали, что при удалении установленного в настоящее время антивирусного программного обеспечения исправлена ошибка QUOTA_UNDERFLOW. При удалении антивируса имейте в виду, что некоторые части, например ключи реестра и файлы, могут оставаться на вашем компьютере, поэтому лучше использовать подходящий инструмент удаления. У большинства антивирусных компаний есть эти инструменты на их веб-сайтах, поэтому не стесняйтесь загружать их.
Стоит отметить, что почти любое антивирусное программное обеспечение может вызывать появление ошибки BSOT QUOTA_UNDERFLOW, но чаще всего проблемы такого типа вызываются McAfee, Avast, AVG или, а иногда и Kaspersky. Даже если вы не используете ни один из вышеупомянутых инструментов, вам все равно следует попробовать удалить антивирусное программное обеспечение и проверить, устраняет ли это эту проблему.
Решение 8. Проверьте свое оборудование
Пользователи сообщили, что QUOTA_UNDERFLOW BSoD часто вызывается сбоем оборудования. По словам пользователей, после замены их RAM или SSD ошибка Blue Screen of Death была навсегда исправлена. Стоит отметить, что почти любой аппаратный компонент может вызвать появление BSoD, поэтому для поиска неисправного компонента необходимо провести тщательное расследование.
Существуют определенные инструменты, в частности MemTest86 +, которые вы можете использовать для проверки своей оперативной памяти, и все, что вам нужно сделать, это загрузить инструмент, установить его на USB-накопитель и загрузить компьютер с этой флэш-накопителя. После загрузки компьютера запустите MemTest86 + и дайте ему поработать несколько часов. Если он сообщает о каких-либо ошибках, это означает, что ваш модуль ОЗУ не работает должным образом и его следует заменить.
QUOTA UNDERFLOW Ошибка BSoD может вызывать проблемы, и в большинстве случаев она вызвана аппаратным сбоем, поэтому вам придется найти неисправное оборудование и заменить его. Перед заменой оборудования обязательно попробуйте все другие решения, упомянутые в этой статье.
Примечание редактора . Этот пост был первоначально опубликован в июне 2016 года и с тех пор был полностью переработан и обновлен для обеспечения свежести, точности и полноты.
Статьи » Расшифровка кодов ошибок POST (ПОСТ) карты
Расшифровка кодов ошибок POST (ПОСТ) карты
Award BIOS 6.0: полная загрузка
Данная таблица содержит POST-коды, которые отображаются при полной процедуре POST.
- CF Определяется тип процессора и тестируется чтение/запись CMOS
- C0 Предварительно инициализируется чипсет и L1-, L2-кэш, программируется контроллер прерываний, DMA, таймер
- C1 Детектируется тип и объем оперативной памяти
- C3 Код BIOS распаковывается во временную область оперативной памяти
- 0С Проверяются контрольные суммы BIOS
- C5 Код BIOS копируется в теневую память и управление передается модулю Boot Block
- 01 Модуль XGROUP распаковывается по физическому адресу 1000:0000h
- 02 Инициализация процессора. Устанавливаются регистры CR и MSR
- 03 Определяются ресурсы ввода/вывода (Super I/O)
- 05 Очищается экран и флаг состояния CMOS
- 06 Проверяется сопроцессор
- 07 Определяется и тестируется контроллер клавиатуры
- 08 Определяется интерфейс клавиатуры
- 09 Инициализация контроллера Serial ATA
- OA Определяется клавиатура и мышь, которые подключены к портам PS/2
- 0B Устанавливаются ресурсы звукового контроллера AC97
- OE Тестируется сегмент памяти F000h
- 10 Определяется тип flash-памяти
- 12 Тестируется CMOS
- 14 Устанавливаются значения для регистров чипсета
- 16 Первично инициализируется тактовый генератор
- 18 Определяется тип процессора, его параметры и объемы кэша L1 и L2
- 1B Инициализируется таблица векторов прерываний
- 1С Проверяются контрольные суммы CMOS и напряжение питания аккумулятора
- 1D Определяется система управления питанием Power Management
- 1F Загружается матрица клавиатуры (для ноутбуков)
- 21 Инициализируется система Hardware Power Management (для ноутбуков)
- 23 Тестируется математический сопроцессор, дисковод, инициализация чипсета
- 24 Обновляется микрокод процессора. Создается карта распределения ресурсов устройств Plug and Play
- 25 Начальная инициализация PCI: перечисляются устройства, поиск адаптера VGA, запись VGA BIOS по адресу C000:0
- 26 Устанавливается тактовая частота по CMOS Setup. Отключается синхронизация неиспользуемых слотов DIMM и PCI. Инициализируется система мониторинга (H/W Monitor)
- 27 Разрешается прерывание INT 09h. Снова инициализируется контроллер клавиатуры
- 29 Программируются регистры MTRR, инициализируется APIC. Программируется контроллер IDE. Измеряется частота процессора. Вызывается расширение BIOS видеосистемы
- 2B Поиск BIOS видеоадаптера
- 2D Отображается заставка Award, информация о типе процессора и его скорости
- 33 Сбрасывается клавиатура
- 35 Тестируется первый канал DMA
- 37 Тестируется второй канал DMA
- 39 Тестируются страничные регистры DMA
- 3C Настраивается контроллер 8254 (таймер)
- 3E Проверка контроллера прерываний 8259
- 43 Проверяется контроллер прерываний
- 47 Тестируются шины ISA/EISA
- 49 Вычисляется объем оперативной памяти. Настраиваются регистры для процессора AMD K5
- 4E Программируются регистры MTRR для процессоров Syrix. Инициализируются кэш L2 и APIC
- 50 Определяется шина USB
- 52 Тестируется ОЗУ с отображением результатов. Очищается расширенная память
- 53 Если выполнена очистка CMOS, то сбрасывается пароль на вход в систему
- 55 Отображается количество процессоров (для многопроцессорных платформ)
- 57 Отображается логотип EPA. Начальная инициализация устройств ISA PnP
- 59 Определяется система защиты от вирусов
- 5B Вывод подсказки для запуска обновления BIOS с дискеты
- 5D Запускается контроллер Super I/O и интегрированный аудиоконтроллер
- 60 Вход в CMOS Setup, если была нажата клавиша Delete
- 65 Инициализируется мышь PS/2
- 69 Включается кэш L2
- 6B Настраиваются регистры чипсета согласно BIOS Setup
- 6D Назначаются ресурсы для устройств ISA PnP и COM-порты для интегрированных устройств
- 6F Инициализируется и настраивается контроллер гибких дисков
- 75 Детектируются и устанавливаются IDE-устройства: жесткие диски, CD/DVD, LS-120, ZIP и др.
- 76 Выводится информация об обнаруженных IDE-устройствах
- 77 Инициализируются последовательные и параллельные порты
- 7A Сбрасывается и готовится к работе математический сопроцессор
- 7C Определяется защита от несанкционированной записи на жесткие диски
- 7F При наличии ошибок выводится сообщение и ожидается нажатие клавиш Delete и F1
- 82 Выделяется память для управления питанием и заносятся изменения в таблицу ESCD.
- Убирается заставка с логотипом EPA. Запрашивается пароль, если нужен
- 83 Все данные сохраняются из временного стека в CMOS
- 84 Вывод на экран сообщения Initializing Plug and Play Cards
- 85 Завершается инициализация USB
- 87 Создаются таблицы SYSID в области DMI
- 89 Устанавливаются таблицы ACPI. Назначаются прерывания для PCI-устройств
- 8B Вызывается BIOS дополнительных ISA- или PCI-контроллеров, за исключением видеоадаптера
- 8D Устанавливаются параметры контроля четности ОЗУ по CMOS Setup. Инициализируется APM
- 8F IRQ 12 разрешается для «горячего» подключения мыши PS/2
- 94 Завершение инициализации чипсета. Отображение таблицы распределения ресурсов. Включение кэша L2. Установка режима перехода на летнее/зимнее время
- 95 Устанавливается частота автоповтора клавиатуры и состояния Num Lock
- 96 Для многопроцессорных систем настраиваются регистры (для процессоров Cyrix). Создается таблица ESCD. Устанавливается таймер DOS Time по показаниям часов RTC CMOS. Сохраняются разделы загрузочных устройств для использования встроенным антивирусом. Динамик оповещает об окончании POST. Создается таблица MSIRQ FF Выполняется прерывание BIOS INT 19h. Поиск загрузчика в первом секторе загрузочного устройства
Award BIOS 6.0: сокращенная загрузка
Сокращенная процедура выполняется при установке в BIOS параметра Quick Power On Self Test.
- 65 Сбрасывается видеоадаптер. Инициализируются звуковой контроллер, устройства ввода/вывода,тестируется клавиатура и мышь. Проверяется целостность BIOS
- 66 Инициализируется кэш-память. Создается таблица векторов прерываний. Инициализируется система управления питанием
- 67 Проверяется контрольная сумма CMOS и тестируется батарейка питания. Настраивается чипсет на основе параметров CMOS
- 68 Инициализируется видеоадаптер
- 69 Настраивается контроллер прерываний
- 6A Тестируется оперативная память (ускоренно)
- 6B Отображается логотип EPA, результаты тестов процессора и памяти
- 70 Отображается подсказка для входа в BIOS Setup. Инициализируется мышь, подключенная к PS/2 или USB
- 71 Инициализируется контроллер кэш-памяти
- 72 Настраиваются регистры чипсета. Создается список устройств Plug and Play.& Инициализируется контроллер дисковода
- 73 Инициализируется контроллер жестких дисков
- 74 Инициализируется сопроцессор
- 75 Если нужно, жесткий диск защищается от записи
- 77 Если нужно, запрашивается пароль и выводятся сообщения Press F1 to continue, DEL to enter Setup
- 78 Инициализируются платы расширения с собственной BIOS
- 79 Инициализируются ресурсы платформы
- 7A Генерируются корневая таблица RSDT, таблицы устройств DSDT, FADT и т. п.
- 7D Собирается информациия о разделах загрузочных устройств
- 7E BIOS готовится к загрузке операционной системы
- 7F Состояние индикатора NumLock устанавливается в соответствии с настройками
- BIOS Setup
- 80 Вызывается INT 19 и запускается операционная система
- FF Загрузка операционной системы
AMIBIOS 8.0
- D0 Инициализация процессора и чипсета. Проверка контрольных сумм загрузочного блока BIOS
- D1 Начальная инициализация портов ввода/вывода. Контроллеру клавиатуры передается команда для самотестирования BAT
- D2 Запрет кэш-памяти L1/L2. Определяется объем установленной ОЗУ
- D3 Настраиваются схемы регенерации памяти. Разрешается использовать кэш-память
- D4 Тест 512 Кбайт памяти. Устанавливается стек и назначается протокол обмена с кэш-памятью
- D5 Код BIOS распаковывается и копируется в теневую память
- D6 Проверяются контрольные суммы BIOS и нажатие клавиш Ctrl+Home (восстановление BIOS)
- D7 Управление передается интерфейсному модулю, распаковывающему код в область Run-Time
- D8 Выполняемый код распаковывается из flash-памяти в оперативную. Сохраняется информация CPUID
- D9 Распакованный код переносится из области временного хранения в сегменты 0E000h и 0F000h ОЗУ
- DA Восстанавливаются регистры CPUID. Выполнение POST переносится в оперативную память
- E1–E8, EC–EE Ошибки, связанные с конфигурацией системной памяти
- 03 Запрещается обработка NMI, ошибок четности, выдача сигналов на монитор. Резервируется область для журнала событий GPNV, устанавливаются начальные значения переменных из BIOS
- 04 Проверяется работоспособность батареи и подсчитывается контрольная сумма CMOS
- 05 Инициализируется контроллер прерываний и строится таблица векторов
- 06 Тестируется и готовится к работе таймер
- 08 Тестируется клавиатура (мигают индикаторы клавиатуры)
- C0 Начальная инициализация процессора. Запрещается использовать кэш-память. Определяется APIC
- C1 Для многопроцессорных систем определяется процессор, отвечающий за запуск системы
- C2 Завершается назначение процессора для запуска системы. Идентификация с помощью CPUID
- C5 Определяется количество процессоров, настраиваются их параметры
- C6 Инициализируется кэш-память для более быстрого прохождения POST
- C7 Завершается начальная инициализация процессора
- 0A Определяется контроллер клавиатуры
- 0B Поиск мыши, подключенной к порту PS/2
- 0C Проверяется наличие клавиатуры
- 0E Детектируются и инициализируются различные устройства ввода
- 13 Начальная инициализация регистров чипсета
- 24 Распаковываются и инициализируются модули BIOS, специфические для платформы.
- Создается таблица векторов прерываний и инициализируется обработка прерываний
- 2A С помощью механизма DIM определяются устройства на локальных шинах. Готовится к инициализации видеоадаптер, строится таблица распределения ресурсов
- 2C Обнаружение и инициализация видеоадаптера, видеоадаптер вызывается BIOS
- 2E Поиск и инициализация дополнительных устройств ввода/вывода
- 30 Готовится к обработке SMI
- 31 Инициализируется и активизируется модуль ADM
- 33 Инициализируется модуль упрощенной загрузки
- 37 Отображается логотип AMI, версия BIOS, процессора, подсказка клавиши для входа в BIOS
- 38 С помощью DIM инициализируются различные устройства на локальных шинах
- 39 Инициализируется контроллер DMA
- 3A Устанавливается системное время в соответствии с показаниями часов RTC
- 3B Тестируется оперативная память и отображаются результаты
- 3C Настраиваются регистры чипсета
- 40 Инициализируются последовательные и параллельные порты, математический сопроцессор и др.
- 52 По результатам теста памяти обновляются данные об ОЗУ в CMOS
- 60 По BIOS Setup устанавливается состояние NumLock и настраиваются параметры автоповтора
- 75 Запускается процедура для работы с дисковыми устройствами (прерывание INT 13h)
- 78 Создается список устройств IPL (с которых возможна загрузка операционной системы)
- 7C Создаются и записываются в NVRAM таблицы расширенной системной конфигурации ESCD
- 84 Регистрация ошибок, обнаруженных при выполнении POST
- 85 Выводятся сообщения об обнаруженных некритических ошибках.
- 87 Если нужно, запускается BIOS Setup, которая предварительно распаковывается в ОЗУ
- 8C В соответствии с BIOS Setup настраиваются регистры чипсета
- 8D Строятся таблицы ACPI
- 8E Настраивается обслуживание немаскируемых прерываний (NMI)
- 90 Окончательно инициализируется SMI
- A1 Очистка данных, которые не нужны при загрузке операционной системы
- A2 Для взаимодействия с операционной системой готовятся модули EFI
- A4 В соответствии с BIOS Setup инициализируется языковой модуль
- A7 Выводится итоговая таблица процедуры POST
- A8 Устанавливается состояние регистров MTRR
- A9 Если нужно, выполняется ожидание ввода команд с клавиатуры
- AA Удаляются векторы прерываний POST (INT 1Ch и INT 09h)
- AB Определяются устройства для загрузки операционной системы
- AC Завершающие этапы настройки чипсета в соответствии с BIOS Setup
- B1 Настраивается интерфейс ACPI
- 00 Вызывается обработка прерывания INT 19h (поиск загрузочного сектора, загрузка ОС)
PhoenixBIOS 4.0
- 02 Verify Real Mode
- 03 Disable Non-Maskable Interrupt (NMI)
- 04 Get CPU type
- 06 Initialize system hardware
- 08 Initialize chipset with initial POST values
- 09 Set IN POST flag
- 0A Initialize CPU registers
- 0B Enable CPU cache
- 0C Initialize caches to initial POST values
- 0E Initialize I/O component
- 0F Initialize the local bus IDE
- 10 Initialize Power Management
- 11 Load alternate registers with initial POST values
- 12 Restore CPU control word during warm boot
- 13 Initialize PCI Bus Mastering devices
- 14 Initialize keyboard controller
- 16 (1-2-2-3) BIOS ROM checksum
- 17 Initialize cache before memory autosize
- 18 8254 timer initialization
- 1A 8237 DMA controller initialization
- 1C Reset Programmable Interrupt Controller
- 20 (1-3-1-1) Test DRAM refresh
- 22 (1-3-1-3) Test 8742 Keyboard Controller
- 24 Set ES segment register to 4 GB
- 26 Enable A20 line
- 28 Autosize DRAM
- 29 Initialize POST Memory Manager
- 2A Clear 512 KB base RAM
- 2C (1-3-4-1) RAM failure on address line xxxx
- 2E (1-3-4-3) RAM failure on data bits xxxx of low byte of memory bus
- 2F Enable cache before system BIOS shadow
- 30 (1-4-1-1) RAM failure on data bits xxxx of high byte of memory bus
- 32 Test CPU bus-clock frequency
- 33 Initialize Phoenix Dispatch Manager
- 34 Disable Power Button during POST
- 35 Re-initialize registers
- 36 Warm start shut down
- 37 Re-initialize chipset
- 38 Shadow system BIOS ROM
- 39 Re-initialize cache
- 3A Autosize cache
- 3C Advanced configuration of chipset registers
- 3D Load alternate registers with CMOS values
- 40 CPU speed detection
- 42 Initialize interrupt vectors
- 45 POST device initialization
- 46 (2-1-2-3) Check ROM copyright notice
- 48 Check video configuration against CMOS
- 49 Initialize PCI bus and devices
- 4A Initialize all video adapters in system
- 4B QuietBoot start (optional)
- 4C Shadow video BIOS ROM
- 4E Display BIOS copyright notice
- 50 Display CPU type and speed
- 51 Initialize EISA board
- 52 Test keyboard Тестируется клавиатура
- 54 Set key click if enabled
- 55 Initialize USB bus
- 58 (2-2-3-1) Test for unexpected interrupts
- 59 Initialize POST display service
- 5A Display prompt “Press F2 to enter SETUP”
- 5B Disable CPU cache
- 5C Test RAM between 512 and 640 KB
- 60 Test extended memory
- 62 Test extended memory address lines
- 64 Jump to UserPatch1
- 66 Configure advanced cache registers
- 67 Initialize Multi Processor APIC
- 68 Enable external and CPU caches
- 69 Setup System Management Mode (SMM) area
- 6A Display external L2 cache size
- 6B Load custom defaults (optional)
- 6C Display shadow-area message
- 6E Display possible high address for UMB recovery
- 70 Display error messages Выводятся сообщения об ошибках
- 72 Check for configuration errors
- 76 Check for keyboard errors
- 7C Set up hardware interrupt vectors
- 7D Initialize hardware monitoring
- 7E Initialize coprocessor if present
- 80 Disable onboard Super I/O ports and IRQs
- 81 Late POST device initialization
- 82 Detect and install external RS232 ports
- 83 Configure non-MCD IDE controllers
- 84 Detect and install external parallel ports
- 85 Initialize PC-compatible PnP ISA devices
- 86 Re-initialize onboard I/O ports
- 87 Configure Motheboard Configurable Devices (optional)
- 88 Initialize BIOS Data Area
- 89 Enable Non-Maskable Interrupts (NMIs)
- 8A Initialize Extended BIOS Data Area
- 8B Test and initialize PS/2 mouse
- 8C Initialize floppy controller
- 8F Determine number of ATA drives (optional)
- 90 Initialize hard-disk controllers
- 91 Initialize local-bus harddisk controllers
- 92 Jump to UserPatch2
- 93 Build MPTABLE for multi-processor boards
- 95 Install CD ROM for boot
- 96 Clear huge ES segment register
- 97 Fixup Multi Processor table
- 98 (1-2) Search for option ROMs. One long, two short beeps on checksum failure
- 99 Check for SMART Drive (optional)
- 9A Shadow option ROMs
- 9C Set up Power Management
- 9D Initialize security engine (optional)
- 9E Enable hardware interrupts
- 9F Determine number of ATA and SCSI drives
- A0 Set time of day
- A2 Check key lock
- A4 Initialize Typematic rate
- A8 Erase F2 prompt
- AA Scan for F2 key stroke
- AC Enter SETUP
- AE Clear Boot flag
- B0 Check for errors
- B2 POST done – prepare to boot operating system
- B4 (1) One short beep before boot
- B5 Terminate QuietBoot (optional)
- B6 Check password (optional)
- B9 Prepare Boot
- BA Initialize DMI parameters
- BB Initialize PnP Option ROMs
- BC Clear parity checkers
- BD Display MultiBoot menu
- BE Clear screen (optional)
- BF Check virus and backup reminders
- C0 Try to boot with INT 19
- C1 Initialize POST Error Manager (PEM)
- C2 Initialize error logging
- C3 Initialize error display function
- C4 Initialize system error handler
- C5 PnPnd dual CMOS (optional)
- C6 Initialize notebook docking (optional)
- C7 Initialize notebook docking late
- D2 Unknown interrupt
- E0 Initialize the chipset
- E1 Initialize the bridge
- E2 Initialize the CPU
- E3 Initialize system timer
- E4 Initialize system I/O
- E5 Check force recovery boot
- E6 Checksum BIOS ROM
- E7 Go to BIOS
- E8 Set Huge Segment
- E9 Initialize Multi Processor
- EA Initialize OEM special code
- EB Initialize PIC and DMA
- EC Initialize Memory type
- ED Initialize Memory size
- EE Shadow Boot Block
- EF System memory test
- F0 Initialize interrupt vectors
- F1 Initialize Real Time Clock
- F2 Initialize video
- F3 Initialize System Management Mode
- F4 (1) Output one beep before boot
- F5 Boot to Mini DOS
- F6 Clear Huge Segment
- F7 Boot to Full DOS