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Погрешность измерения, выраженная в процентах (далее процентная погрешность) — это разность между истинным и измеренным значением, деленная на истинное значение и умноженная на 100. Процентная погрешность позволяет представить, насколько (в процентах) измеренное значение отличается от истинного. Погрешность может быть вызвана ошибками в измерениях (неточными инструментами или человеческим фактором) или из-за округлением значений. При этом формула для вычисления процентной погрешности довольно простая.
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1
Запишите формулу для вычисления процентной погрешности. Формула: [(|Измеренное значение — Истинное значение|) / Истинное значение] x 100. В эту формулу необходимо подставить два значения — измеренное и истинное.[1]
- Измеренное значение — это оценочное (приблизительное) значение; истинное значение — это точное значение.
- Например, если вы думаете, что в сумке лежат 9 апельсинов, но на самом деле их 10, число 9 — это приблизительное значение, а 10 — точное значение.
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2
Вычтите точное значение из оценочного. В нашем примере вычтите 10 (точное значение) из 9 (оценочное значение): 9 — 10 = -1.[2]
- Эта разность характеризует различие между приблизительным и точным значениями, то есть насколько точное значение отличается от оценочного.
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Найдите абсолютное значение этой разности. Так как в формулу нужно подставить абсолютное значение разности, знаком «минус» можно пренебречь. То есть в нашем примере -1 превратится в 1.[3]
- В нашем примере: 9 — 10 = -1. Абсолютное значение -1 записывается так: |-1| = 1.
- Если разность положительная, не меняйте ее. Например: 12 яблок (приблизительное значение) — 10 яблок (точное значение) = 2. Абсолютное значение 2: |2| = 2.
- В статистике абсолютное значение означает, что вас не интересует, в каком направлении отклоняется оценочное значение (слишком большое, то есть положительное, или слишком маленькое, то есть отрицательное). Вы просто хотите знать, на какую величину оценочное значение отличается от истинного.
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Разделите найденную разность на абсолютную величину истинного значения. Сделайте это на калькуляторе или вручную. В нашем примере точное значение уже положительное, поэтому просто разделите 1 (полученная разность) на 10 (точное значение).[4]
- В нашем примере: 1/|10|= 1/10.
- В некоторых случаях точное значение может быть отрицательным числом. Если это так, знак «минус» можно проигнорировать (то есть работайте с абсолютной величиной точного значения).[5]
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1
Преобразуйте обычную дробь в десятичную. В проценты проще преобразовать десятичную дробь. В нашем примере 1/10 = 0,1. Более сложные вычисления выполните на калькуляторе.
- Если под рукой калькулятора нет, разделите числа в столбик, чтобы получить десятичную дробь. Как правило, достаточно 4–5 цифр после десятичной запятой, чтобы округлить дробь.
- При преобразовании обычной дроби в десятичную всегда делите положительное число на положительное число.
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2
Умножьте полученную десятичную дробь на 100. В нашем примере умножьте 0,1 на 100, а затем к результату припишите символ «%». Так вы получите процентную погрешность.[6]
- В нашем примере: 0,1 x 100 = 10 %.
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3
Проверьте результат, чтобы убедиться, что он правильный. Иногда замена знаков (положительный/отрицательный) и деление могут привести к незначительным ошибкам в расчетах. Поэтому лучше проверить ответ.
- В нашем примере необходимо убедиться, что оценочное значение (9 апельсинов) отличается от истинного значения (10 апельсинов) на 10 %. 10 % (10 % = 0,1) от 10 апельсинов равно 1 (0,1 × 10 = 1).
- 9 апельсинов + 1 = 10 апельсинов. Это подтверждает, что оценочное значение (9) действительно отличается от истинного значения (10) на 1 (то есть на 10 %).
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Советы
- Иногда измеренное (оценочное, приблизительное) значение называется экспериментальным, а истинное (точное) значение называется теоретическим. Обязательно используйте значение, с которым сравнивается данное значение, как точное значение.
- Так как в данном методе используются абсолютные величины приблизительных и точных значений, нет разницы, в каком порядке вычитать числа. Например,|8 — 4| = 4 и |4 — 8| = |-4|= 4. Результаты одинаковые!
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The percentage error is, formally, the magnitude of the difference between an exact and an approximate value divided by the magnitude of the exact value per 100 cases (percentage form). Essentially, this allows you to see how far off an approximate value and an exact value are in a percentage of the exact value. The error can be because of measuring errors (tools or human error) or because of approximations used in calculating (rounding errors, for example). Regardless, the formula is straight forward and simple to calculate.
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1
Write down the formula for percentage error. The formula for calculating percentage error is simple: [(|Approximate Value — Exact Value|) / Exact Value] x 100. You will use this as a reference to plug in the two values you need to know.[1]
- The approximate value is your estimated value, and the exact value is the real value.
- For example, if you guess that there will be 9 oranges in a bag, but there are actually 10, 9 is the approximate value, and 10 is your exact value.
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2
Subtract the exact value from the approximate one. In the example of oranges, you will subtract 10 (the exact value) from 9 (the estimated value). In this case, the result is 9 — 10 = -1. [2]
- This difference is considered the magnitude of difference in approximate and estimated values. This begins to tell you how far off the results were from what they were expected to be.
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3
Find the absolute value of the top result. Since the formula uses the absolute value of the difference, you can discard a negative sign. In this example, -1 will become just 1.[3]
- In the oranges example, 9 — 10 = -1. The absolute value of -1, written as |-1|, is 1.
- If your result is positive, leave the number as it is. For example, 12 apples (approximate) — 10 apples (exact) = 2. The absolute value of 2 (|2|) is just 2.
- In statistics, taking the absolute value simply means you don’t care which direction your guess was off (either too high—positive—or too low—negative). You just want to know how far off the estimate was from the exact value.
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4
Divide that result by the absolute exact value. Either with a calculator or by hand, divide the top number by the absolute value of your exact variable. In this example, the exact value is already positive, so you just need to divide 1 (from the previous step) by 10 (the exact number of oranges).[4]
- For this example, 1/|10| = 1/10.
- In some cases, the exact value might be a negative number to begin with. If this is the case, you want to ignore the negative (i.e. take the absolute value of the exact number).[5]
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1
Convert the fraction into decimal form. To convert the fraction into a percentage, it is easiest to have a decimal number.[6]
For our example, 1/10 = 0.1. Calculators will be able to convert more difficult numbers quickly for you.- If you cannot use a calculator, it may take using long division to convert the fraction to a decimal. Usually, about 4 or 5 digits past the decimal place will be sufficient to round to.
- You should always be dividing a positive number by a positive number when converting to decimal form.
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2
Multiply the result times 100. Simply multiply the result, 0.1 in this example, by 100. This will convert the answer into percentage form. Just add the percentage symbol to the answer, and you’re done.[7]
- In this example, 0.1 x 100 = 10. Add the percent sign to get 10%, your percentage error.
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3
Check your work to make sure the answer is correct. Often swapping signs (positive/negative) and dividing can lead to minor errors in your calculations. It is best to go back to check your answer makes sense.[8]
- In our example, we want to make sure that our approximation of 9 oranges is off by 10% of the actual value of oranges. 10% (10% = 0.1) of 10 oranges is 1 (0.1 x 10 = 1).
- 9 oranges + 1 = 10 oranges. This confirms that the guess of 9 was indeed off by just 1 oranges or 10% of the actual value of 10 oranges.
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-
Question
In a resistor, the relationship between the voltage V, the current I and resistance R, is given by Ohm’s law: V=IR. If the voltage is constant, how is the relative change in R related to the relative change in the current?
I and R are inversely proportional. That means that as I increases, R decreases by the same percentage (and vice versa).
-
Question
Do I use significant figures while calculating percentage error?
Yes.
-
Question
How do I calculate the percentage error in the kinetic energy of a particle?
Multiplying the relative errors of measuring the mass and the velocities should do.
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You may see the values called experimental (approximate) and theoretical (exact). Make sure to use the value you are comparing against as the exact value.
-
Oddly enough, since you will take the absolute value of the difference in approximate and exact values, it doesn’t matter which order you subtract the values. For example, |8 — 4| = 4 and |4 — 8| = |-4| = 4. The values turn out to be the same!
Thanks for submitting a tip for review!
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About This Article
Article SummaryX
To calculate percentage error, use the formula: [(exact value — approximate value)/exact value] x 100. First, subtract the approximate value from the exact value. Then, divide that number by the exact value. Finally, convert fractions to decimal form and multiply your answer by 100 to find the percentage error. If you want to learn how to check your answers, keep reading the article!
Did this summary help you?
Thanks to all authors for creating a page that has been read 608,853 times.
Did this article help you?
Download Article
Download Article
The percentage error is, formally, the magnitude of the difference between an exact and an approximate value divided by the magnitude of the exact value per 100 cases (percentage form). Essentially, this allows you to see how far off an approximate value and an exact value are in a percentage of the exact value. The error can be because of measuring errors (tools or human error) or because of approximations used in calculating (rounding errors, for example). Regardless, the formula is straight forward and simple to calculate.
-
1
Write down the formula for percentage error. The formula for calculating percentage error is simple: [(|Approximate Value — Exact Value|) / Exact Value] x 100. You will use this as a reference to plug in the two values you need to know.[1]
- The approximate value is your estimated value, and the exact value is the real value.
- For example, if you guess that there will be 9 oranges in a bag, but there are actually 10, 9 is the approximate value, and 10 is your exact value.
-
2
Subtract the exact value from the approximate one. In the example of oranges, you will subtract 10 (the exact value) from 9 (the estimated value). In this case, the result is 9 — 10 = -1. [2]
- This difference is considered the magnitude of difference in approximate and estimated values. This begins to tell you how far off the results were from what they were expected to be.
Advertisement
-
3
Find the absolute value of the top result. Since the formula uses the absolute value of the difference, you can discard a negative sign. In this example, -1 will become just 1.[3]
- In the oranges example, 9 — 10 = -1. The absolute value of -1, written as |-1|, is 1.
- If your result is positive, leave the number as it is. For example, 12 apples (approximate) — 10 apples (exact) = 2. The absolute value of 2 (|2|) is just 2.
- In statistics, taking the absolute value simply means you don’t care which direction your guess was off (either too high—positive—or too low—negative). You just want to know how far off the estimate was from the exact value.
-
4
Divide that result by the absolute exact value. Either with a calculator or by hand, divide the top number by the absolute value of your exact variable. In this example, the exact value is already positive, so you just need to divide 1 (from the previous step) by 10 (the exact number of oranges).[4]
- For this example, 1/|10| = 1/10.
- In some cases, the exact value might be a negative number to begin with. If this is the case, you want to ignore the negative (i.e. take the absolute value of the exact number).[5]
Advertisement
-
1
Convert the fraction into decimal form. To convert the fraction into a percentage, it is easiest to have a decimal number.[6]
For our example, 1/10 = 0.1. Calculators will be able to convert more difficult numbers quickly for you.- If you cannot use a calculator, it may take using long division to convert the fraction to a decimal. Usually, about 4 or 5 digits past the decimal place will be sufficient to round to.
- You should always be dividing a positive number by a positive number when converting to decimal form.
-
2
Multiply the result times 100. Simply multiply the result, 0.1 in this example, by 100. This will convert the answer into percentage form. Just add the percentage symbol to the answer, and you’re done.[7]
- In this example, 0.1 x 100 = 10. Add the percent sign to get 10%, your percentage error.
-
3
Check your work to make sure the answer is correct. Often swapping signs (positive/negative) and dividing can lead to minor errors in your calculations. It is best to go back to check your answer makes sense.[8]
- In our example, we want to make sure that our approximation of 9 oranges is off by 10% of the actual value of oranges. 10% (10% = 0.1) of 10 oranges is 1 (0.1 x 10 = 1).
- 9 oranges + 1 = 10 oranges. This confirms that the guess of 9 was indeed off by just 1 oranges or 10% of the actual value of 10 oranges.
Advertisement
Add New Question
-
Question
In a resistor, the relationship between the voltage V, the current I and resistance R, is given by Ohm’s law: V=IR. If the voltage is constant, how is the relative change in R related to the relative change in the current?
I and R are inversely proportional. That means that as I increases, R decreases by the same percentage (and vice versa).
-
Question
Do I use significant figures while calculating percentage error?
Yes.
-
Question
How do I calculate the percentage error in the kinetic energy of a particle?
Multiplying the relative errors of measuring the mass and the velocities should do.
See more answers
Ask a Question
200 characters left
Include your email address to get a message when this question is answered.
Submit
Advertisement
Video
-
You may see the values called experimental (approximate) and theoretical (exact). Make sure to use the value you are comparing against as the exact value.
-
Oddly enough, since you will take the absolute value of the difference in approximate and exact values, it doesn’t matter which order you subtract the values. For example, |8 — 4| = 4 and |4 — 8| = |-4| = 4. The values turn out to be the same!
Thanks for submitting a tip for review!
Advertisement
About This Article
Article SummaryX
To calculate percentage error, use the formula: [(exact value — approximate value)/exact value] x 100. First, subtract the approximate value from the exact value. Then, divide that number by the exact value. Finally, convert fractions to decimal form and multiply your answer by 100 to find the percentage error. If you want to learn how to check your answers, keep reading the article!
Did this summary help you?
Thanks to all authors for creating a page that has been read 608,853 times.