1 Answer
I would interpret the two sentences as follows:
- He told her that he loved only her.
He told her that there is nobody else whom he loves.
- He told her that he loved her only.
He told her that the only thing he feels for her is love.
I would actually say that 5. is ambiguous:
- He told her that he only loved her.
I could interpret this as having the same meaning as either 6. or 7.
I disagree with Joanna Weselby, as I see a distinct difference between 6. and 7.
answered Sep 5, 2018 at 6:36
Jason BassfordJason Bassford
37.5k5 gold badges50 silver badges90 bronze badges
3
-
Both 5 and 7 are ambiguous, depending on where the stress is when said. «He told her that he only loved her» means the same as «He told her that he loved only her» = same as 6. «He told her that he only loved her» means the same as «He told her that he loved her only» means that the only thing he feels for her is love.
Sep 5, 2018 at 10:18
-
Actually, adding to my previous comment, you can change the meaning of 7 again with yet another stress: «He told her that he loved her only» which has the same meaning as 4. Stress on he doesn’t change the meaning for 5 though.
Sep 5, 2018 at 10:22
-
@andyt The stress should be explicit in each case—it’s on only. Otherwise, you’re right.
Sep 5, 2018 at 14:44
12 ноября 2018
— Я тебе говорила, что мы с Майком пойдем на концерт Спайс Гёлз на следующей неделе?
— А он мне сказал, что не пойдет…
Это два отличных примера использования косвенной речи или reported speech. Без нее язык был бы явно неинтересным и слишком топорным. Так что давайте разберемся, что же reported speech такое и как ее использовать .
Итак, согласно толковому словарю слово «косвенный» означает «непрямой, побочный». Соответственно, косвенная речь – это непрямая речь, передача чьих-то слов. Зачастую её именно так и называют – непрямая речь (indirect speech). В отличии от русского, при переводе прямой речи в косвенную, в английском языке действует правило согласования времен, которое заключается в следующем:
Если глагол (действие) в главном предложении стоит в прошедшем времени, то глагол (действие) в придаточном предложении не может употребляться в форме настоящего или будущего времени, он должен быть выражен одним из прошедших времен.
Прямая речь: I love English. — Я люблю английский.
Косвенная речь: She said that she loved English. — Она сказала, что любит английский.
She said – главное предложение.
She loved English – придаточное предложение.
Обратите внимание: при переводе косвенной речи на русский язык, глагол остается в том же времени, что и в прямой речи. То есть, в приведённом выше примере она сказала, что именно «любит», а не «любила», как вам, может быть, захотелось перевести.
Согласно простому правилу, все времена в придаточном предложении сдвигаются на одну ступеньку вниз:
-
Present Indefinite (do/does) — Past Indefinite (did)
I travel a lot. — Я много путешествую.
He said that he traveled a lot. — Он сказал, что много путешествует. -
Present Continuous (am/is/are doing) — Past Continuous (was/were doing)
I am reading. — Я читаю.
He said he was reading. — Он сказал, что читает. -
Past Indefinite (did) — Past Perfect (had done)
I did it! — Я сделал это!
He said he had done it. — Он сказал, что сделал это. -
Present Perfect (have/has done) — Past Perfect (had done)
I have lost my keys. — Я потерял ключи.
He said he had lost his keys. — Он сказал, что потерял ключи. -
Will — Would
I will go to this party. — Я пойду на вечеринку.
He said he would go to the party. — Он сказал, что пойдёт на вечеринку. -
Can/May/Must/Should — Could/Might/Had to/Should
I can do it. — Я могу сделать это.
He said he could do it. — Он сказал, что может сделать это.
Но меняются в предложении не только глаголы, а еще определения и обстоятельства:
-
Here — There
I sleep here. — Я сплю здесь.
He said he slept there. — Он сказал, что спит там. -
This — That
I need this job. — Мне нужна эта работа.
He said he needed that job. — Он сказал, что ему нужна та работа. -
These — Those
I want these shoes! — Я хочу эти туфли!
She said she wanted those shoes. — Она сказала, что хочет те туфли. -
Now — Then
He is dancing now. — Он сейчас танцует.
She said that he was dancing then. — Она сказала, что он тогда танцевал. -
Today — That day
I am going to do it today. — Я собираюсь сделать это сегодня.
He said that he was going to do it that day. — Он сказал, что собирался сделать это в тот день. -
Yesterday — The day before
I did it yesterday. — Я сделал это вчера.
He said he had done it the day before. — Он сказал, что сделал это за день до этого. -
A year ago — A year before
I saw him a year ago. — Я видела его год назад.
She said she had seen him a year before. — Она сказала, что видела его за год до этого. -
Last night — The previous night
I was there last night. — Я была там прошлой ночью.
She said that she had been there the previous night. — Она сказала, что была там предыдущей ночью. -
Tonight — That night
I will do it tonight. — Я сделаю это сегодня ночью.
She said that she would do it that night. — Она сказала, что сделает это той ночью.
Если же глагол в главном предложении стоит в настоящем времени, то правило согласования времен не соблюдается:
- He says that he wants to eat that sandwich. — Он говорит, что хочет съесть тот сэндвич.
- He says that he ate that sandwich yesterday. — Он говорит, что съел тот сэндвич вчера.
- He says that he will eat one more sandwich later. — Он говорит, что съест ещё один сэндвич позже.
Подводя итог: главное, что нужно запомнить при переводе косвенной речи в прямую – сдвиг на ступеньку вниз, если глагол в главном предложении стоит в прошедшем времени. Не так уж всё и сложно, правда? 😉
Все статьи
Подписывайтесь на наши обновления
В нашей рассылке отсутствует спам (да, мы тоже его не любим ). Присылаем секретные учебные материалы,
анонсы мероприятий и скидки на наши курсы. Не пропустите! Отписаться можно в любую секунду.
Помогите в решение таска. 1 я решил там добавляется ‘im’ и будет immature.
Task.Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words in capitals.
1. Even though he’s twenty years old, he is rather ________ MATURE
2. Thomas said that he is ____________________ to attend the meeting because he’s ill. I am a little______________________as to whether this is true or not. ABLE, DOUBT
3. The student was very _______ and answered the question but the teacher asked him to try again. NERVE, CORRECT
4. He has become rich in a _____________ way. HONEST
5. I didn’t correct your essay because your writing was simply_____________. LEGIBLE
6. The teacher expressed her ___________________ with Tom because he’s so _________________ in class. SATISFACTION, OBEDIENT
7. It was ___________ .of you to leave the baby __________ . RESPONSIBLE, ATTENDED
8. Unfortunately, many climbers have been _____________ in their attempts to climb Mt Everest. SUCCESS
9. I detest people who____________________ to use them in ____________ research. TREAT, SCIENCE
10. Driving at speeds of 150 kilometers per hour is not only ___________ BUT also ______________________. LEGAL, SAFE
11. Her ______________________ to help got her into trouble. WILLINGNESS
12. Why do you always have to ______________________with what I say? AGREE
13 She’s a very _________ person. She wants everything done immediately. PATIENT
14 Don’t sit in that _____________- armchair, sit here. COMFORTABLE
15 Are you sure you didn’t ____________ him? He can’t have said that. UNDERSTAND
A
Изучите следующую ситуацию:
Вы хотите сообщить кому-нибудь о том, что сказал Пол. Есть два способа это сделать:
Вы можете повторить слова Пола (direct speech — прямая речь):
Paul said, ‘I’m feeling ill.’
Или вы можете использовать reported speech — косвенную (непрямую) речь:
Paul said that he was feeling ill.
Сравните?
| прямая |  |
| косвенная |
B
В косвенной речи основной глагол (Paul said that … / I told her that … и др.) и остальная часть предложения обычно находятся в прошедшем времени:
- Paul said that he was feeling ill.
Пол сказал, что он плохо себя чувствовал. - I told Lisa that I didn’t have any money.
Я сказал Лизе, что у меня не было денег.
That можно и не использовать, т.е. вы можете сказать:
- Paul said that he was feeling ill. или Paul said he was feeling ill.
Как правило, форма настоящего времени в прямой речи изменяется на форму прошедшего времени в косвенной речи:
am/is → was
are → were
do/does → did
have/has → had
will → would
can → could
want/like/know/go etc. → wanted/liked/knew/went etc.
Сравните прямую и косвенную речь:
Вы встретили Дженни. Вот кое-что из того, что она сказала в прямой речи:
Позже вы сообщаете кому-то о том, что сказала Дженни, используя косвенную речь:
‘My parents are very well.’
Jenny said that her parents were very well.
‘I’m going to learn to drive.’
She said that she was going to learn to drive.
‘I want to buy a car.’
She said that she wanted to buy a car.
‘John has a new job.’
She said that John had a new job.
‘I can’t come to the party on Friday.’
She said that she couldn’t come to the party on Friday.
‘I don’t have much free time.’
She said she didn’t have much free time.
I’m going away for a few days. I’ll phone you when I get back.’
She said that she was going away for a few days and would phone me when she got back.
C
The past simple (did/saw/knew и т.д.) обычно может оставаться таким же и в косвенной речи, или вы можете изменить его на the past perfect (had done / had seen / had known и т.д.):
direct
Paul said: ‘I woke up feeling ill, so I didn’t go to work.’
reported
Paul said (that) he woke up feeling ill, so he didn’t go to work. или
Paul said (that) he had woken up feeling ill, so he hadn’t gone to work.
Упражнения
1. Вчера вы встретили своего друга, Стива. Вы давно его не видели. Вот кое-что из того, что Стива вам сказал:
1. I’m living in London.
2. My father isn’t very well.
3. Rachel and Mark are getting married next month.
4. My sister has had a baby.
5. I don’t know what Frank is doing.
6. I saw Helen at a party in June and she seemed fine.
7. I haven’t seen Diane recently.
8. I’m not enjoying my job very much.
9. You can come and stay at my place if you’re ever in London.
10. My car was stolen a few days ago.
11. I want to go on holiday, but I can’t afford it.
12. I’ll tell Chris I saw you.
Позже этим днем вы сообщаете другому другу то, что вам сказал Стив. Используйте косвенную речь.
2. Сейчас вам говорят одно, в то же время еще недавно вам говорили об этом совсем противоположные вещи. Закончите ответы.
- A: That restaurant is expensive.
B: Is it? I thought you said - A: Sue is coming to the party tonight.
B: Is she? I thought you said she - A: Sarah likes Paul.
B: Does she? Last week you said - A: I know lots of people.
B: Do you? I thought you said - A: Jane will be here next week.
B: Will she? But didn’t you say - A: I’m going out this evening.
B: Are you? But you said - A: I can speak a little French.
B: Can you? But earlier you said - A: I haven’t been to the cinema for ages.
B: Haven’t you? I thought you said
Введение
Косвенная речь может быть представлена косвенными утверждениями, вопросами, приказами и просьбами.
Reported speech can be given in reported statements, reported questions, orders and requests.
На этом уроке вы познакомитесь с косвенными утверждениями. Reported statements.
Повтор правила согласования времен и изменение наречий времени
Если вы пересказываете чьи-то слова, обратите внимание на три пункта, которые, вероятнее всего, вам придется изменить:
Эти изменения происходят в соответствии с правилом согласования времен (Sequence of Tenses Rule) и логикой повествования.
verb tense ( backshift) (глагольная форма)
adverbs of time and place/demonstrative pronouns (наречия времени и места/указательные местоимения)
pronouns (местоимения)
David said, “I saw her yesterday.” – David said he had seen her the day before.
They said, “We are not eating now.” – They said they were eating then.
Change in tenses (backshift)
|
Direct speech |
Reported speech |
|
Present Simple |
Past Simple |
|
Present Continuous |
PastContinuous |
|
Present Perfect |
Past Perfect |
|
Present Perfect Continuous |
Past Perfect Continuous |
|
Past Simple |
Past Perfect |
|
Past Continuous |
Past perfect Continuous |
|
Past Perfect |
Past Perfect |
|
Future Simple (will) |
Future-in-the-Past (would) |
|
Can She said, “I can read English books without a dictionary.” |
Could She said she could read English books without a dictionary.” |
Change in adverbs of place and time and demonstrative pronouns.
|
Direct speech |
Reported speech |
|
today |
(on) that day |
|
this morning/ afternoon/tonight |
that morning/ afternoon/ that night |
|
now |
then |
|
tomorrow |
the following day/ the next day |
|
next week/ month |
the following week/ month |
|
in a few days |
a few days later |
|
yesterday |
the day before |
|
last week/ month/year |
the week/ month/year before |
|
5 minutes/three days / a week ago |
5 minutes/ three days / a week before |
|
here |
there |
|
this |
that |
|
these |
those |
Say/tell
Хорошо, что в английском языке много глаголов, которые помогают передавать чьи-то слова, иначе речь звучала бы скучно: Она сказала…, он сказал….(She/he/they SAID …)
Такие глаголы сообщения помогают точнее выразить, что человек чувствует, его точку зрения или что думает говорящий o чьих-то словах.
Чтобы правильно передать чью-то речь, необходимо использовать глагол сообщения с правильным значением.
Самые распространенные глаголы сообщения – say и tell. У них одинаковое значение – говорить; однако используем мы их по-разному.
|
Say |
Tell |
|
we say something She said that she was tired. |
BUT we tell someone something She told him that she was tired. |
|
we sometimes use say to someone She said (to him) that she was tired. |
Упражнение
Вставьте said или told в предложения.
Put said /told in the sentence.
She _____ me (that) she loved John.
They ______ (that) they were happy.
He ________ everybody (that) he had to leave.
Anne _______me (that) her brother was buying a car.
Alice ______ to Mike (that) he was wearing a nice suit.
She ______ (that) it was raining.
Lisa _____ me (that) she would call at 2p.m.
Правильные ответы:
She told me (that) she loved John.
They said (that) they were happy.
He told everybody (that) he had to leave.
Anne told me (that) her brother was buying a car.
Alice said to Mike (that) he was wearing a nice suit.
She said (that) it was raining.
Lisa told me (that) she would call at 2 p.m.
Упражнение
Перепишите предложения в косвенной речи.
Dave said, “I was playing tennis from 3 to 5 p.m. yesterday.”
He told us, “My mother has called me today.»
She said, “Ken doesn’t want to do this exercise.”
Mary told her father, “I’ll be late tonight.”
Jim said “I gave her this book two days ago.”
Правильные ответы:
Dave said he had been playing tennis from 3 to 5p.m. the day before.
He told us his mother had called that day.
She said Ken didn’t want to do this exercise.
Mary told her father she would be late that night.
Jim said that he had given her that book two days before.
Reporting verbs
Существуют еще глаголы сообщения, которые можно использовать вместо say и tell.
Однако с ними нужно быть внимательными при переходе из прямой речи в косвенную, так как эти глаголы влияют на структуру предложения, которое за ним следует.
Вот несколько структур.
Примечание
После некоторых глаголов можно использовать разные структуры.
Глагол сообщение + (союз that) придаточное предложение
(используем правило согласования времен)
Verb (that) clause. (This is the same as with the verb SAY)
She said, “I will marry you.”
She agreed that she would marry him.
John said, “I will see him on Sunday.”
John decided that he would meet him on Sunday.
The teacher said: “This is the rule of Sequence of tenses.”
The teacher explained that was the rule of Sequence of tenses.
David said, “I will take you to the station.”
David promised that he would take me to the station.
Следующая структура отличается! Здесь вам не понадобится правило согласования времен, так как после глагола сообщения нужно использовать ИНФИНИТИВ.
Примечание
После некоторых глаголов можно использовать разные структуры.
Глагол сообщение + инфинитив глагола из предложения прямой речи.
Verb + to infinitive
She said, “I will marry you.”
She agreed to marry him.
John said, “I will see him on Sunday.”
John decided to see him on Sunday.
David said, “I will take you to the station.”
David promised to take me to the station.
Camilla said, “Let’s go to the cinema.”
Camilla offered to go to the cinema.
He said, “I do not want to go with you.”
He refused to go with me.
Вы познакомитесь с еще несколькими структурами, изучая приказы и просьбы в косвенной речи.
Упражнение
Перепишите предложение в косвенной речи, заполняя пропуски глаголами из таблицы.
promise decide explain agree offer refuse
1. “I promise I’ll take you to Prague,” said Mary.
Mary _________ to take me to Prague.
2. “I am not going to do it,” she said.
She _______ to do it.
3. “Would you like some tea,” she said.
She _______ to have a cup of tea.
4. Chris said, “Yes, it was a great film.”
Chris ________that the film had been great.
5. Angela said, “I will be an architect.”
Angela _____ that she would be an architect.
6. Tom said: “I am late because I missed the bus.”
Tom _______that he was late because he had missed the bus.
Правильные ответы:
1. “I promise I’ll take you to Prague,” said Mary.
Mary promised to take me to Prague. / Mary promised that she would take me to Prague.
2. “I am not going to do it,” she said.
She refused to do it.
3. “Would you like some tea,” she said.
She offered to have a cup of tea.
4. Chris: Yes, it was a great film.
Chris agreed that the film had been great.
5. Angela said, “I will be an architect.”
Angela decided (that) she would be an architect. / Angela decided to be an architect.
6. Tom said: “I am late because I missed the bus.”
Tom explained that he was late because he had missed the bus.
Прощание
Вопросы к конспектам
Вставьте say или tell в предложения:
Anthony_____ that he was hungry.
Tara_____ me that you were ill.
He______ everybody that he is French.
The doctor _______ her: “Lie on the couch.”
She ______, “That’s a great idea!”
Перепишите предложение в косвенной речи, используя глаголы из таблицы как глаголы сообщения.
told refused offered promised agreed
She said: “I won’t give you any money.”
He said: “I will the washing up.”
We said to them: “We were happy to see you.”
I said: “Will you have a cup of coffee?”
He said: “I’ll bring this book to you tomorrow.”
1. He said that he was still fond of collecting stamps and coins.
2. She said that her parents divorced two years ago already! – Oh, how awful! I can’t believe it’s true!
4. I met him at the disco yesterday and he told me that I (danced) verywell and I answered that it (is) no wonder because dancing (has been)my hobby for many years!
5. She said her mother’s hobby (was) ballet and she (danced) pretty well in her youth. Can you imagine? – No, hardly.
6. Did you ask Mike to take the camera to the party? – Yes, he told me that he (would come) and (take) a lot of pictures.
7. Did you persuade your cousin in the necessity of sports? – Yes, butshe promised that she (had been going in for) sports) only since that summer.
8. What did you tell your little niece? – Nothing special – I only (told) her that I (had been travelling) all the summer and that it (had been) a lot offun and now she wants to go with me.
9.Did you invite Mary to the basketball game in which you (were takingpart) the next week? – Yes, I did, but it turned out that she (would be watching)the horseracing competitions at that moment.